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<h3 class="pb-3 pt-3">C++ Functions</h3>
<p>In this tutorial, we are going to learn about <strong>functions</strong> in C++.</p>
<p>If we need to write a code to form a circle and color it. We can create two functions to solve this
problem:</p>
<ol>
<li>
a function to draw the circle
</li>
<li>
a function to color the circle
</li>
</ol>
<p>Dividing a complex code into small functions to make it easy to read and also make your program short.
The major benfits of a function is that, we can reuse it in one program.</p>
<p>There are mainly two types of functions :-</p>
<ol>
<li>
<strong>Standard Library Functions </strong>:- predesigned in C++
</li>
<li>
<strong>User-defined Function </strong>:- made by users
</li>
</ol>
<p>In this tutorial, we will focus mostly on user-defined functions.</p>
<hr />
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">C++ User-defined Function</h4>
<p>C++ allows the programmer to create their own functions.</p>
<p>A user-defined functions group code to do a specific task and that group of code is named “identifiers”.
</p>
<p>When the function is used in any part of the program, it runs the codes defined in the body of the
function.</p>
<h5 class="pt-3 pb-3">C++ Function Declaration</h5>
<p>The syntax of declaring a function is :</p>
<pre>return-type function_Name (parameter 1, parameter 2,......)
{
// function body
}</pre>
<p>For example :</p>
<p># Function declaration</p>
<pre>void test()
{
cout << "Hello World";
}</pre>
<p>Here,</p>
<ul>
<li>
the name of the function is <code>test()</code> .
</li>
<li>
the return type of the function is <code>void</code> .
</li>
<li>
the empty parentheses indicates that, it doesn't have any parameters.
</li>
<li>
the function body is written inside parentheses <code>{...}</code> .
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">Calling a Function</h4>
<p>In the above program, we had declared a function named <strong>test()</strong>. To use the
<strong>test()</strong>
function, it needs to be called , which is known as calling of a function.</p>
<p>Here's how we can call the <code>test()</code> function.</p>
<pre>int main()
{
// calling a function
test();
}</pre>
<hr />
<h5 class="pt-3 pb-3">How function work in c++?</h5>
<p><strong>Example 1 :</strong> Display a text</p>
<pre>#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// declaring a function
void test()
{
cout << "Hello India";
}
int main()
{
// calling the function
test();
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output :</strong></p>
<pre>Hello India</pre>
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">Function parameters</h4>
<p>A function can be declared with parameters (arguments). A <strong>"parameter"</strong> is a value that is
passed when declaring a function.</p>
<p>For example, let us consider the function <strong>printNum </strong>:</p>
<pre>void printNum(int num)
{
cout << num;
}</pre>
<p>In the above function, the <code>int</code> variable num is the function parameter.</p>
<p>We pass a value to the function parameter while calling the function.</p>
<pre>int main() {
int n = 8;
// calling the function
// n is passed to the function as argument
printNum(n);
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Example 2 :</strong> Function with Parameters</p>
<pre>#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void displayNum(int i1, float f2)
{
cout << "The int number is " << i1 << endl;
cout << "The double number is " << f2;
}
int main() {
int num1 = 5;
double num2 = 5.5;
// calling the function
displayNum(i1, f2);
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output :</strong></p>
<pre>The int number is 5
The double number is 5.5</pre>
<hr />
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">C++ Function Parameters</h4>
<p>In above program, we have used a function that has one <strong>“int”</strong> parameter and one
<strong>“double parameter”</strong>.</p>
<p>We then pass <strong>num1</strong> and <strong>num2</strong> as arguments. These values are stored by the
function
parameters <strong>n1</strong> and <strong>n2</strong> respectively.</p>
<p><strong>Note : </strong>The type of the arguments passed while calling the function must match with the
corresponding parameters defined in the function declaration.</p>
<h5 class="pt-3 pb-3">Return statement</h5>
<p>In the above programs, we have used void in the function declaration. For example :</p>
<pre>void displayNumber()
{
// code
}</pre>
<p>Aove code shows the function is not returning any value.</p>
<p>It's also possible to return a value from a function. For this, we need to specify the
<strong>“returnType”</strong> of the function during function declaration.</p>
<p>Then, the <code>return</code> statement can be used to return a value from a function.</p>
<p>For example, </p>
<pre>int add (int a, int b)
{
return (a + b);
}</pre>
<p>Here, we have the data type <code>int</code> instead of <code>void</code>. This means that the function
returns an
<strong>“integer”</strong> value.</p>
<p>The code <code>return (a + b);</code> returns the sum of the two parameters as the function value.</p>
<p>The <strong>return</strong> statement denotes that the function has ended. Any code after
<strong>return</strong> inside the
function is not executed.</p>
<p><strong>Example 3 :</strong>Add Two Numbers</p>
<pre>#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, int b)
{
return (a + b);
}
int main() {
int sum;
sum = add(300 + 45);
cout << "300 + 45 = " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output :</strong></p>
<pre>300 + 45 = 345</pre>
<p>In the above program, the <code>add()</code> function is used to find the sum of two numbers.
We pass two <strong>int</strong> literals <strong>300</strong> and <strong>45</strong> while calling the
function.</p>
<p>We store the returned value of the function in the variable sum, and then we print it.</p>
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">Function Prototype</h4>
<p>In C++, the code of function declaration should be before the function call. However, if we
want to define a function after the function call, we need to use the function prototype.</p>
<p>For example,</p>
<pre>// function prototype
void add(int, int);
int main() {
// calling the function before declaration.
add(5, 3);
return 0;
}
// function definition
add(int a, int b) {
cout < (a + n);
}</pre>
<p>In the above code, the function prototype is :</p>
<pre>void add(int, int);</pre>
<p>This helps the compiler with information about the function name and its parameters. That's
why we can use the code to call a function before the function has been defined.</p>
<p>The syntax of a function prototype is :</p>
<code>returnType functionName(dataType1, dataType2, ...);</code>
<p><strong>Example 4 :</strong> Funtion prototype</p>
<pre>#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, int b)
{
return (a + b);
}
int main() {
int sum;
sum = add(300 + 45);
cout << "300 + 45 = " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output :</strong></p>
<pre>300 + 45 = 345</pre>
<p>The above program is nearly identical to <strong>Example 3</strong>. The only difference is that here,
the
function is defined <strong>after</strong> the function call.</p>
<p>That's why we have used a function prototype in this example.</p>
<h5 class="pt-3 pb-3">Benefits of Using User-Defined Functions</h5>
<ul>
<li>
Functions enablesus to use the code more thn one time.
</li>
<li>
Functions make the program easier as each small task is divided into a function.
</li>
<li>
Functions increase readability.
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">C++ Library Functions</h4>
<p>Library functions are the built-in functions in C++ programming.</p>
<p>Programmers can use library functions by invoking the functions directly; they don't need to
write the functions themselves.</p>
<p>Some common library functions in C++ are <code>sqrt()</code>, <code>abs()</code>, <code>isdigit()</code>,
etc.</p>
<p>In order to use library functions, we usually need to include the header file in which these
library functions are defined.</p>
<p>For instance, in order to use mathematical functions such as <code>sqrt()</code> and <code>abs()</code>,
we need to
include the header file <code>cmath</code>.</p>
<p><strong>Example 5 : </strong>C++ Program to Find the Square Root of a Number</p>
<pre>#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int main() {
double number, squareRoot;
number = 25.0;
// sqrt() is a library function to calculate the square root
squareRoot = sqrt(number);
cout << "Square root of " << number << " = " << squareRoot;
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output :</strong></p>
<pre>Square root of 25 = 5</pre>
<p>In this program, the sqrt() library function is used to calculate the square root of a number.</p>
<p>The function declaration of <code>sqrt()</code> is defined in the <code>cmath</code> header file. That's
why we need to
use the code <code>#include <cmath></code> to use the <strong>sqrt()</strong> function.</p>
<p>To learn more, visit C++ Standard Library functions.</p>
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