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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<title>Learn Python 3 by Ankit Mahato</title>
<link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico">
<meta name="author" content="Ankit Mahato">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://animator.github.io/learn-python/">
<meta property="og:title" content="Learn Python 3 - A Free and Open Source Book by Ankit Mahato">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Learn Python 3 - A Free and Open Source Book by Ankit Mahato">
<meta name="description"
content="Learn Python 3 is Free and Open Source Book that can help you master the fundamentals of Python programming. You can read it online or download it as a PDF. GitHub repository - https://github.com/animator/learn-python">
<meta property="og:description"
content="Learn Python 3 is Free and Open Source Book that can help you master the fundamentals of Python programming. You can read it online or download it as a PDF. GitHub repository - https://github.com/animator/learn-python">
<meta name="twitter:description"
content="Learn Python 3 is Free and Open Source Book that can help you master the fundamentals of Python programming. You can read it online or download it as a PDF. GitHub repository - https://github.com/animator/learn-python">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://animator.github.io/learn-python/images/banner.png">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://animator.github.io/learn-python/images/banner.png">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
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<p><img src="images/learn-python.png" alt="Learn Python 3 Logo"></p>
<div><a class="github-button" href="https://github.com/animator/learn-python" data-icon="octicon-star"
data-size="large" aria-label="Star animator/learn-python on GitHub">Star this
Book on GitHub</a></div>
<h1 style="margin-top: 10px;" id="learn-python-3">Learn Python 3<a aria-hidden class="header-link"
tabindex="-1" href="#learn-python-3">#</a></h1>
<p>by <strong>Ankit Mahato</strong> [<a href="https://animator.github.io" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow">About</a>]<br><em>Version 2022.10</em></p>
<h1 id="how-to-read-this-book">How to read this book?<a aria-hidden class="header-link" tabindex="-1"
href="#how-to-read-this-book">#</a></h1>
<p>This book can be consumed in 3 ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>A nice web interface - <a href="https://animator.github.io/learn-python/" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow">Link</a></li>
<li>A Downloadable PDF - <a
href="https://github.com/animator/learn-python/blob/main/pdf/learn-python-v2022.10.pdf"
target="_blank">Link</a></li>
<li>Directly on GitHub - <a href="https://github.com/animator/learn-python" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow">Link</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents<a aria-hidden class="header-link" tabindex="-1"
href="#table-of-contents">#</a></h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#introduction-to-programming-languages">Introduction to Programming Languages</a>
</li>
<li><a href="#introduction-to-python">Introduction to Python</a></li>
<li><a href="#advantages-of-python">Advantages of Python</a></li>
<li><a href="#installing-python-in-windows">Installing Python in Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#installing-python-in-macos-apple">Installing Python in macOS (Apple)</a></li>
<li><a href="#execution-modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#interactive-mode-of-execution">Interactive Mode of Execution</a></li>
<li><a href="#script-mode-of-execution">Script Mode of Execution</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#python-fundamentals">Python Fundamentals</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#tokens-introduction">Tokens: Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#tokens-keywords">Tokens: Keywords</a></li>
<li><a href="#tokens-identifiers">Tokens: Identifiers</a></li>
<li><a href="#tokens-literals">Tokens: Literals</a></li>
<li><a href="#tokens-operators">Tokens: Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#tokens-delimiters">Tokens: Delimiters</a></li>
<li><a href="#character-set">Character Set</a></li>
<li><a href="#blocks-and-indentation">Blocks and Indentation</a></li>
<li><a href="#comments">Comments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#variables-objects--data-types">Variables, Objects & Data Types</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#what-are-objects--variables">What are Objects & Variables?</a></li>
<li><a href="#variables--assignment-statements">Variables & Assignment Statements</a></li>
<li><a href="#built-in-data-types">Built-in Data Types</a></li>
<li><a href="#type-checking">Type Checking</a></li>
<li><a href="#type-casting">Type Casting</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#implicit-type-casting">Implicit Type Casting</a></li>
<li><a href="#explicit-type-casting">Explicit Type Casting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#mutable--immutable-data-types">Mutable & Immutable Data Types</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#immutable-data-types">Immutable Data Types</a></li>
<li><a href="#mutable-data-types">Mutable Data Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#input--output">Input / Output</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#how-to-accept-user-input">How to Accept User Input</a></li>
<li><a href="#displaying-output">Displaying Output</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#operators--expressions">Operators & Expressions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#introduction-to-operators">Introduction to Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#arithmetic-operators">Arithmetic Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#relational-operators">Relational Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#assignment-operators">Assignment Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#logical-operators">Logical Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#identity-operators">Identity Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#membership-operators">Membership Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#expressions">Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#operator-precedence-with-examples">Operator Precedence with Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#errors--exception-handling">Errors & Exception Handling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#error-types">Error Types</a></li>
<li><a href="#syntax-error">Syntax Error</a></li>
<li><a href="#runtime-error">Runtime Error</a></li>
<li><a href="#logical-error">Logical Error</a></li>
<li><a href="#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>
<li><a href="#exception-handling">Exception Handling</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#control-flow">Control Flow</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#introduction-to-control-flow">Introduction to Control Flow</a></li>
<li><a href="#sequential-flow">Sequential Flow</a></li>
<li><a href="#selection-statements-if--else">Selection Statements: if .. else</a></li>
<li><a href="#iteration-for">Iteration: for</a></li>
<li><a href="#iteration-while">Iteration: while</a></li>
<li><a href="#jump-statements">Jump Statements</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#pass">pass</a></li>
<li><a href="#break">break</a></li>
<li><a href="#continue">continue</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#nested-loops">Nested Loops</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#strings">Strings</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#strings-introduction--creation">Strings: Introduction & Creation</a></li>
<li><a href="#accessing-characters-of-a-string">Accessing Characters of a String</a></li>
<li><a href="#string-operations">String Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="#introduction-to-string-methods">Introduction to String Methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#convert-case-of-strings">Convert Case of Strings</a></li>
<li><a href="#check-characters-of-a-string">Check Characters of a String</a></li>
<li><a href="#split-a-string">Split a String</a></li>
<li><a href="#strip-characters-from-a-string">Strip Characters from a String</a></li>
<li><a href="#check-prefix-or-suffix-in-a-string">Check Prefix or Suffix in a String</a></li>
<li><a href="#find--replace-characters-in-a-string">Find & Replace Characters in a
String</a></li>
<li><a href="#traversing-a-string">Traversing a String</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#list">List</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#what-is-a-python-list-how-to-create-a-list">What is a Python List? How to Create a
List?</a></li>
<li><a href="#accessing-items-of-a-list">Accessing Items of a List</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#negative-indexing">Negative Indexing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#modifying-a-list">Modifying a List</a></li>
<li><a href="#removing-item-from-a-list">Removing Item from a List</a></li>
<li><a href="#list-operations">List Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="#traversing-a-list">Traversing a List</a></li>
<li><a href="#built-in-functions-that-can-be-used-for-a-list">Built-in Functions that can be
used for a List</a></li>
<li><a href="#introduction-to-list-methods">Introduction to List Methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#adding-items-to-a-list">Adding Items to a List</a></li>
<li><a href="#removing-items-from-a-list">Removing Items from a List</a></li>
<li><a href="#counting-or-locating-items-in-a-list">Counting or Locating Items in a List</a>
</li>
<li><a href="#reversing-items">Reversing Items</a></li>
<li><a href="#sorting-a-list">Sorting a List</a></li>
<li><a href="#copying-a-list">Copying a List</a></li>
<li><a href="#nested-list">Nested List</a></li>
<li><a href="#list-comprehension">List Comprehension</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#member-wise-operation">Member-wise Operation</a></li>
<li><a href="#filtering-or-subsequence">Filtering or Subsequence</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sample-programs">Sample Programs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tuple">Tuple</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#list-vs-tuple">List vs Tuple</a></li>
<li><a href="#how-to-create-tuple">How to Create Tuple?</a></li>
<li><a href="#what-is-a-singleton">What is a Singleton?</a></li>
<li><a href="#accessing-items-of-a-tuple">Accessing Items of a Tuple</a></li>
<li><a href="#tuples-are-immutable">Tuples are Immutable</a></li>
<li><a href="#tuple-operations">Tuple Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="#traversing-a-tuple">Traversing a Tuple</a></li>
<li><a href="#built-in-functions-that-can-be-used-for-a-tuple">Built-in Functions that can be
used for a Tuple</a></li>
<li><a href="#locating-items-in-a-tuple">Locating Items in a Tuple</a></li>
<li><a href="#counting-the-occurrence-of-an-item">Counting the Occurrence of an Item</a></li>
<li><a href="#new-tuple-with-reversed-items">New Tuple with Reversed Items</a></li>
<li><a href="#new-tuple-with-sorted-items">New Tuple with Sorted Items</a></li>
<li><a href="#nested-tuple">Nested Tuple</a></li>
<li><a href="#understanding-the-immutable-nature-of-tuples">Understanding the Immutable Nature
of Tuples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#dictionary">Dictionary</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#what-is-a-dictionary">What is a Dictionary?</a></li>
<li><a href="#how-to-create-a-dictionary">How to Create a Dictionary</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#key-value-pairs">Key: Value Pairs</a></li>
<li><a href="#sequence-of-key-value-tuples">Sequence of (key, value) Tuples</a></li>
<li><a href="#keywordnamed-arguments">Keyword/Named Arguments</a></li>
<li><a href="#key-and-value-lists">Key and Value Lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#keys-with-default-value">Keys with Default Value</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#accessing-items-keyvalue-of-a-dictionary">Accessing Items (Key:Value) of a
Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="#updating-a-dictionary">Updating a Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="#removing-an-item-keyvalue-from-a-dictionary">Removing an Item (Key:Value) from a
Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="#dictionary-operations">Dictionary Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="#traversing-a-dictionary">Traversing a Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="#built-in-functions-for-a-dictionary">Built-in Functions for a Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="#creating-a-copy-of-a-dictionary">Creating a Copy of a Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="#nested-dictionary">Nested Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="#sample-programs-1">Sample Programs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#python-standard-library">Python Standard Library</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#built-in-functions">Built-in Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#mathematical-functions">Mathematical Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#type-functions">Type Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#type-checking-1">Type Checking</a></li>
<li><a href="#built-in-type-functions">Built-in Type Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#io-functions">I/O Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#baseunicode-conversion-functions">Base/Unicode Conversion Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#what-are-built-in-modules">What are Built-in Modules?</a></li>
<li><a href="#math-module">math Module</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#constants">Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="#functions">Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#random-module">random Module</a></li>
<li><a href="#statistics-module">statistics Module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#file-handling">File Handling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#file-handling-in-python---introduction--overview">File Handling in Python -
Introduction & Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#text-files-vs-binary-files---use-case-file-formats-examples">Text Files vs Binary
Files - Use Case, File Formats, Examples</a></li>
<li><a href="#file-opening--closing">File Opening & Closing</a></li>
<li><a href="#file-reading">File Reading</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sequential-reading">Sequential Reading</a></li>
<li><a href="#ad-hoc-reading">Ad-hoc Reading</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#writing-a-file">Writing a File</a></li>
<li><a href="#reading--writing-binary-files-using-pickle-module">Reading & Writing Binary
Files using pickle Module</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#dumping-data">Dumping Data</a></li>