-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 59
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathpyplot.html
More file actions
1140 lines (892 loc) · 119 KB
/
pyplot.html
File metadata and controls
1140 lines (892 loc) · 119 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" data-content_root="../" >
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta content="codex" name="keywords" />
<title>Pyplot tutorial — Matplotlib 3.9.3 documentation</title>
<script data-cfasync="false">
document.documentElement.dataset.mode = localStorage.getItem("mode") || "";
document.documentElement.dataset.theme = localStorage.getItem("theme") || "";
</script>
<!-- Loaded before other Sphinx assets -->
<link href="../_static/styles/theme.css?digest=dfe6caa3a7d634c4db9b" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="../_static/styles/bootstrap.css?digest=dfe6caa3a7d634c4db9b" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="../_static/styles/pydata-sphinx-theme.css?digest=dfe6caa3a7d634c4db9b" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="../_static/vendor/fontawesome/6.5.2/css/all.min.css?digest=dfe6caa3a7d634c4db9b" rel="stylesheet" />
<link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../_static/vendor/fontawesome/6.5.2/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff2" />
<link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../_static/vendor/fontawesome/6.5.2/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff2" />
<link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../_static/vendor/fontawesome/6.5.2/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff2" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css?v=fa44fd50" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/css/style.css?v=86e00652" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/graphviz.css?v=4ae1632d" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/plot_directive.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/copybutton.css?v=76b2166b" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/sg_gallery.css?v=d2d258e8" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/sg_gallery-binder.css?v=f4aeca0c" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/sg_gallery-dataframe.css?v=2082cf3c" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/sg_gallery-rendered-html.css?v=1277b6f3" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/sphinx-design.min.css?v=95c83b7e" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/mpl.css?v=369bd9d1" />
<!-- Pre-loaded scripts that we'll load fully later -->
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="../_static/scripts/bootstrap.js?digest=dfe6caa3a7d634c4db9b" />
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="../_static/scripts/pydata-sphinx-theme.js?digest=dfe6caa3a7d634c4db9b" />
<script src="../_static/vendor/fontawesome/6.5.2/js/all.min.js?digest=dfe6caa3a7d634c4db9b"></script>
<script src="../_static/documentation_options.js?v=d2a2d18c"></script>
<script src="../_static/doctools.js?v=9bcbadda"></script>
<script src="../_static/sphinx_highlight.js?v=dc90522c"></script>
<script src="../_static/clipboard.min.js?v=a7894cd8"></script>
<script src="../_static/copybutton.js?v=ccdb6887"></script>
<script src="../_static/design-tabs.js?v=f930bc37"></script>
<script data-domain="matplotlib.org" defer="defer" src="https://views.scientific-python.org/js/script.js"></script>
<script async="async" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script>
<script>DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.pagename = 'tutorials/pyplot';</script>
<script>
DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.theme_version = '0.15.4';
DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.theme_switcher_json_url = 'https://matplotlib.org/devdocs/_static/switcher.json?v3.9.3-2-g1d7e71eafa';
DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.theme_switcher_version_match = '3.9.3';
DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.show_version_warning_banner = true;
</script>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/pyplot.html" />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
title="Search within Matplotlib 3.9.3 documentation"
href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
<link rel="icon" href="../_static/favicon.ico"/>
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
<link rel="next" title="Image tutorial" href="images.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="Tutorials" href="index.html" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/>
<meta name="docsearch:language" content="en"/>
<meta name="docbuild:last-update" content="Dec 01, 2024"/>
</head>
<body data-bs-spy="scroll" data-bs-target=".bd-toc-nav" data-offset="180" data-bs-root-margin="0px 0px -60%" data-default-mode="">
<div id="pst-skip-link" class="skip-link d-print-none"><a href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a></div>
<div id="pst-scroll-pixel-helper"></div>
<button type="button" class="btn rounded-pill" id="pst-back-to-top">
<i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-up"></i>Back to top</button>
<input type="checkbox"
class="sidebar-toggle"
id="pst-primary-sidebar-checkbox"/>
<label class="overlay overlay-primary" for="pst-primary-sidebar-checkbox"></label>
<input type="checkbox"
class="sidebar-toggle"
id="pst-secondary-sidebar-checkbox"/>
<label class="overlay overlay-secondary" for="pst-secondary-sidebar-checkbox"></label>
<div class="search-button__wrapper">
<div class="search-button__overlay"></div>
<div class="search-button__search-container">
<form class="bd-search d-flex align-items-center"
action="../search.html"
method="get">
<i class="fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass"></i>
<input type="search"
class="form-control"
name="q"
id="search-input"
placeholder="Search the docs ..."
aria-label="Search the docs ..."
autocomplete="off"
autocorrect="off"
autocapitalize="off"
spellcheck="false"/>
<span class="search-button__kbd-shortcut"><kbd class="kbd-shortcut__modifier">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>K</kbd></span>
</form></div>
</div>
<div class="pst-async-banner-revealer d-none">
<aside id="bd-header-version-warning" class="d-none d-print-none" aria-label="Version warning"></aside>
</div>
<header class="bd-header navbar navbar-expand-lg bd-navbar d-print-none">
<div class="bd-header__inner bd-page-width">
<button class="pst-navbar-icon sidebar-toggle primary-toggle" aria-label="Site navigation">
<span class="fa-solid fa-bars"></span>
</button>
<div class="col-lg-3 navbar-header-items__start">
<div class="navbar-item">
<a class="navbar-brand logo" href="https://matplotlib.org/stable/">
<img src="../_static/logo_light.svg" class="logo__image only-light" alt="Matplotlib 3.9.3 documentation - Home"/>
<script>document.write(`<img src="../_static/logo_dark.svg" class="logo__image only-dark" alt="Matplotlib 3.9.3 documentation - Home"/>`);</script>
</a></div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-9 navbar-header-items">
<div class="me-auto navbar-header-items__center">
<div class="navbar-item"><ul id="navbar-main-elements" class="navbar-nav">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../plot_types/index.html">Plot types</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../users/index.html">User guide</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="index.html">Tutorials</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../gallery/index.html">Examples</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../api/index.html">Reference</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../devel/index.html">Contribute</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../users/release_notes.html">Releases</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="navbar-header-items__end">
<div class="navbar-item navbar-persistent--container">
<script>
document.write(`
<button class="btn btn-sm pst-navbar-icon search-button search-button__button" title="Search" aria-label="Search" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-toggle="tooltip">
<i class="fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass fa-lg"></i>
</button>
`);
</script>
</div>
<div class="navbar-item">
<script>
document.write(`
<button class="btn btn-sm nav-link pst-navbar-icon theme-switch-button" title="light/dark" aria-label="light/dark" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-toggle="tooltip">
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-sun fa-lg" data-mode="light"></i>
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-moon fa-lg" data-mode="dark"></i>
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-circle-half-stroke fa-lg" data-mode="auto"></i>
</button>
`);
</script></div>
<div class="navbar-item">
<script>
document.write(`
<div class="version-switcher__container dropdown">
<button id="pst-version-switcher-button-2"
type="button"
class="version-switcher__button btn btn-sm dropdown-toggle"
data-bs-toggle="dropdown"
aria-haspopup="listbox"
aria-controls="pst-version-switcher-list-2"
aria-label="Version switcher list"
>
Choose version <!-- this text may get changed later by javascript -->
<span class="caret"></span>
</button>
<div id="pst-version-switcher-list-2"
class="version-switcher__menu dropdown-menu list-group-flush py-0"
role="listbox" aria-labelledby="pst-version-switcher-button-2">
<!-- dropdown will be populated by javascript on page load -->
</div>
</div>
`);
</script></div>
<div class="navbar-item"><ul class="navbar-icon-links"
aria-label="Icon Links">
<li class="nav-item">
<a href="https://gitter.im/matplotlib/matplotlib" title="Gitter" class="nav-link pst-navbar-icon" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom"><i class="fa-brands fa-gitter fa-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="sr-only">Gitter</span></a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a href="https://discourse.matplotlib.org" title="Discourse" class="nav-link pst-navbar-icon" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom"><i class="fa-brands fa-discourse fa-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="sr-only">Discourse</span></a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a href="https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib" title="GitHub" class="nav-link pst-navbar-icon" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom"><i class="fa-brands fa-github fa-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="sr-only">GitHub</span></a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a href="https://twitter.com/matplotlib/" title="Twitter" class="nav-link pst-navbar-icon" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom"><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter fa-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="navbar-persistent--mobile">
<script>
document.write(`
<button class="btn btn-sm pst-navbar-icon search-button search-button__button" title="Search" aria-label="Search" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-toggle="tooltip">
<i class="fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass fa-lg"></i>
</button>
`);
</script>
</div>
<button class="pst-navbar-icon sidebar-toggle secondary-toggle" aria-label="On this page">
<span class="fa-solid fa-outdent"></span>
</button>
</div>
</header>
<div class="bd-container">
<div class="bd-container__inner bd-page-width">
<div class="bd-sidebar-primary bd-sidebar">
<div class="sidebar-header-items sidebar-primary__section">
<div class="sidebar-header-items__center">
<div class="navbar-item"><ul id="navbar-main-elements" class="navbar-nav">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../plot_types/index.html">Plot types</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../users/index.html">User guide</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="index.html">Tutorials</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../gallery/index.html">Examples</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../api/index.html">Reference</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../devel/index.html">Contribute</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="../users/release_notes.html">Releases</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sidebar-header-items__end">
<div class="navbar-item">
<script>
document.write(`
<button class="btn btn-sm nav-link pst-navbar-icon theme-switch-button" title="light/dark" aria-label="light/dark" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-toggle="tooltip">
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-sun fa-lg" data-mode="light"></i>
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-moon fa-lg" data-mode="dark"></i>
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-circle-half-stroke fa-lg" data-mode="auto"></i>
</button>
`);
</script></div>
<div class="navbar-item">
<script>
document.write(`
<div class="version-switcher__container dropdown">
<button id="pst-version-switcher-button-3"
type="button"
class="version-switcher__button btn btn-sm dropdown-toggle"
data-bs-toggle="dropdown"
aria-haspopup="listbox"
aria-controls="pst-version-switcher-list-3"
aria-label="Version switcher list"
>
Choose version <!-- this text may get changed later by javascript -->
<span class="caret"></span>
</button>
<div id="pst-version-switcher-list-3"
class="version-switcher__menu dropdown-menu list-group-flush py-0"
role="listbox" aria-labelledby="pst-version-switcher-button-3">
<!-- dropdown will be populated by javascript on page load -->
</div>
</div>
`);
</script></div>
<div class="navbar-item"><ul class="navbar-icon-links"
aria-label="Icon Links">
<li class="nav-item">
<a href="https://gitter.im/matplotlib/matplotlib" title="Gitter" class="nav-link pst-navbar-icon" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom"><i class="fa-brands fa-gitter fa-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="sr-only">Gitter</span></a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a href="https://discourse.matplotlib.org" title="Discourse" class="nav-link pst-navbar-icon" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom"><i class="fa-brands fa-discourse fa-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="sr-only">Discourse</span></a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a href="https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib" title="GitHub" class="nav-link pst-navbar-icon" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom"><i class="fa-brands fa-github fa-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="sr-only">GitHub</span></a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a href="https://twitter.com/matplotlib/" title="Twitter" class="nav-link pst-navbar-icon" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom"><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter fa-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sidebar-primary-items__start sidebar-primary__section">
<div class="sidebar-primary-item">
<nav class="bd-docs-nav bd-links"
aria-label="Section Navigation">
<p class="bd-links__title" role="heading" aria-level="1">Section Navigation</p>
<div class="bd-toc-item navbar-nav"><ul class="current nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="toctree-l1 current active"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Pyplot tutorial</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="images.html">Image tutorial</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="lifecycle.html">The Lifecycle of a Plot</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="artists.html">Artist tutorial</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav></div>
</div>
<div class="sidebar-primary-items__end sidebar-primary__section">
</div>
<div id="rtd-footer-container"></div>
</div>
<main id="main-content" class="bd-main" role="main">
<div class="bd-content">
<div class="bd-article-container">
<div class="bd-header-article d-print-none">
<div class="header-article-items header-article__inner">
<div class="header-article-items__start">
<div class="header-article-item">
<nav aria-label="Breadcrumb" class="d-print-none">
<ul class="bd-breadcrumbs">
<li class="breadcrumb-item breadcrumb-home">
<a href="../index.html" class="nav-link" aria-label="Home">
<i class="fa-solid fa-home"></i>
</a>
</li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="index.html" class="nav-link">Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page">Pyplot tutorial</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="searchbox"></div>
<article class="bd-article">
<div class="sphx-glr-download-link-note admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#sphx-glr-download-tutorials-pyplot-py"><span class="std std-ref">Go to the end</span></a>
to download the full example code.</p>
</div>
<section class="sphx-glr-example-title" id="pyplot-tutorial">
<span id="sphx-glr-tutorials-pyplot-py"></span><span id="id1"></span><h1>Pyplot tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#pyplot-tutorial" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>An introduction to the pyplot interface. Please also see
<a class="reference internal" href="../users/explain/quick_start.html#quick-start"><span class="std std-ref">Quick start guide</span></a> for an overview of how Matplotlib
works and <a class="reference internal" href="../users/explain/figure/api_interfaces.html#api-interfaces"><span class="std std-ref">Matplotlib Application Interfaces (APIs)</span></a> for an explanation of the trade-offs between the
supported user APIs.</p>
<section id="introduction-to-pyplot">
<h2>Introduction to pyplot<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction-to-pyplot" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../api/pyplot_summary.html#module-matplotlib.pyplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.pyplot</span></code></a> is a collection of functions that make matplotlib
work like MATLAB. Each <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyplot</span></code> function makes some change to a figure:
e.g., creates a figure, creates a plotting area in a figure, plots some lines
in a plotting area, decorates the plot with labels, etc.</p>
<p>In <a class="reference internal" href="../api/pyplot_summary.html#module-matplotlib.pyplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.pyplot</span></code></a> various states are preserved
across function calls, so that it keeps track of things like
the current figure and plotting area, and the plotting
functions are directed to the current Axes (please note that we use uppercase
Axes to refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes" title="matplotlib.axes.Axes"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Axes</span></code></a> concept, which is a central
<a class="reference internal" href="../users/explain/quick_start.html#figure-parts"><span class="std std-ref">part of a figure</span></a>
and not only the plural of <em>axis</em>).</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>The implicit pyplot API is generally less verbose but also not as flexible as the
explicit API. Most of the function calls you see here can also be called
as methods from an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Axes</span></code> object. We recommend browsing the tutorials
and examples to see how this works. See <a class="reference internal" href="../users/explain/figure/api_interfaces.html#api-interfaces"><span class="std std-ref">Matplotlib Application Interfaces (APIs)</span></a> for an
explanation of the trade-off of the supported user APIs.</p>
</div>
<p>Generating visualizations with pyplot is very quick:</p>
<div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'some numbers'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img src="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_001.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_001.png, ../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_001_2_00x.png 2.00x" alt="pyplot" class = "sphx-glr-single-img"/><p>You may be wondering why the x-axis ranges from 0-3 and the y-axis
from 1-4. If you provide a single list or array to
<a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plot</span></code></a>, matplotlib assumes it is a
sequence of y values, and automatically generates the x values for
you. Since python ranges start with 0, the default x vector has the
same length as y but starts with 0; therefore, the x data are
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[0,</span> <span class="pre">1,</span> <span class="pre">2,</span> <span class="pre">3]</span></code>.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plot</span></code></a> is a versatile function, and will take an arbitrary number of
arguments. For example, to plot x versus y, you can write:</p>
<div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img src="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_002.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_002.png, ../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_002_2_00x.png 2.00x" alt="pyplot" class = "sphx-glr-single-img"/><section id="formatting-the-style-of-your-plot">
<h3>Formatting the style of your plot<a class="headerlink" href="#formatting-the-style-of-your-plot" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>For every x, y pair of arguments, there is an optional third argument
which is the format string that indicates the color and line type of
the plot. The letters and symbols of the format string are from
MATLAB, and you concatenate a color string with a line style string.
The default format string is 'b-', which is a solid blue line. For
example, to plot the above with red circles, you would issue</p>
<div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s1">'ro'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.axis.html#matplotlib.pyplot.axis" title="matplotlib.pyplot.axis" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">axis</span></a><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">))</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img src="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_003.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_003.png, ../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_003_2_00x.png 2.00x" alt="pyplot" class = "sphx-glr-single-img"/><p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plot</span></code></a> documentation for a complete
list of line styles and format strings. The
<a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.axis.html#matplotlib.pyplot.axis" title="matplotlib.pyplot.axis"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">axis</span></code></a> function in the example above takes a
list of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[xmin,</span> <span class="pre">xmax,</span> <span class="pre">ymin,</span> <span class="pre">ymax]</span></code> and specifies the viewport of the
Axes.</p>
<p>If matplotlib were limited to working with lists, it would be fairly
useless for numeric processing. Generally, you will use <a class="reference external" href="https://numpy.org/">numpy</a> arrays. In fact, all sequences are
converted to numpy arrays internally. The example below illustrates
plotting several lines with different format styles in one function call
using arrays.</p>
<div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="c1"># evenly sampled time at 200ms intervals</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">5.</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># red dashes, blue squares and green triangles</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'r--'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'bs'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'g^'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img src="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_004.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_004.png, ../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_004_2_00x.png 2.00x" alt="pyplot" class = "sphx-glr-single-img"/></section>
</section>
<section id="plotting-with-keyword-strings">
<span id="plotting-with-keywords"></span><h2>Plotting with keyword strings<a class="headerlink" href="#plotting-with-keyword-strings" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>There are some instances where you have data in a format that lets you
access particular variables with strings. For example, with <a class="reference external" href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.rec.html#structured-arrays">structured arrays</a>
or <a class="reference external" href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html#pandas.DataFrame" title="(in pandas v2.2.3)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pandas.DataFrame</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Matplotlib allows you to provide such an object with
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data</span></code> keyword argument. If provided, then you may generate plots with
the strings corresponding to these variables.</p>
<div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s1">'c'</span><span class="p">:</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/random/generated/numpy.random.randint.html#numpy.random.randint" title="numpy.random.randint" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy-random sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">:</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/random/generated/numpy.random.randn.html#numpy.random.randn" title="numpy.random.randn" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy-random sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)}</span>
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'b'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="o">*</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/random/generated/numpy.random.randn.html#numpy.random.randn" title="numpy.random.randn" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy-random sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ufunc.html#numpy.ufunc" title="numpy.ufunc" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">abs</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">100</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.scatter.html#matplotlib.pyplot.scatter" title="matplotlib.pyplot.scatter" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scatter</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'b'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'c'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">s</span></a><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="o">=</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'entry a'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'entry b'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img src="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_005.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_005.png, ../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_005_2_00x.png 2.00x" alt="pyplot" class = "sphx-glr-single-img"/></section>
<section id="plotting-with-categorical-variables">
<span id="plotting-with-categorical-vars"></span><h2>Plotting with categorical variables<a class="headerlink" href="#plotting-with-categorical-variables" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>It is also possible to create a plot using categorical variables.
Matplotlib allows you to pass categorical variables directly to
many plotting functions. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">names</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'group_a'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'group_b'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'group_c'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">values</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">figsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">))</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">131</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.bar.html#matplotlib.pyplot.bar" title="matplotlib.pyplot.bar" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">names</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">values</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">132</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.scatter.html#matplotlib.pyplot.scatter" title="matplotlib.pyplot.scatter" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scatter</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">names</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">values</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">133</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">names</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">values</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.suptitle.html#matplotlib.pyplot.suptitle" title="matplotlib.pyplot.suptitle" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">suptitle</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Categorical Plotting'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img src="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_006.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_006.png, ../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_006_2_00x.png 2.00x" alt="Categorical Plotting" class = "sphx-glr-single-img"/></section>
<section id="controlling-line-properties">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>Controlling line properties<a class="headerlink" href="#controlling-line-properties" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Lines have many attributes that you can set: linewidth, dash style,
antialiased, etc; see <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.lines.Line2D</span></code></a>. There are
several ways to set line properties</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Use keyword arguments:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">linewidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Use the setter methods of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Line2D</span></code> instance. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plot</span></code> returns a list
of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Line2D</span></code> objects; e.g., <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">line1,</span> <span class="pre">line2</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">plot(x1,</span> <span class="pre">y1,</span> <span class="pre">x2,</span> <span class="pre">y2)</span></code>. In the code
below we will suppose that we have only
one line so that the list returned is of length 1. We use tuple unpacking with
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">line,</span></code> to get the first element of that list:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-lines sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">line</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'-'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-lines sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">line</span></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_antialiased</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># turn off antialiasing</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Use <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.setp.html#matplotlib.pyplot.setp" title="matplotlib.pyplot.setp"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setp</span></code></a>. The example below
uses a MATLAB-style function to set multiple properties
on a list of lines. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setp</span></code> works transparently with a list of objects
or a single object. You can either use python keyword arguments or
MATLAB-style string/value pairs:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">lines</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># use keyword arguments</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'r'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">linewidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># or MATLAB style string value pairs</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'color'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'r'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'linewidth'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Here are the available <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Line2D</span></code></a> properties.</p>
<div class="pst-scrollable-table-container"><table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Property</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Value Type</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>alpha</p></td>
<td><p>float</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>animated</p></td>
<td><p>[True | False]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>antialiased or aa</p></td>
<td><p>[True | False]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>clip_box</p></td>
<td><p>a matplotlib.transform.Bbox instance</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>clip_on</p></td>
<td><p>[True | False]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>clip_path</p></td>
<td><p>a Path instance and a Transform instance, a Patch</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>color or c</p></td>
<td><p>any matplotlib color</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>contains</p></td>
<td><p>the hit testing function</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>dash_capstyle</p></td>
<td><p>[<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'butt'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'round'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'projecting'</span></code>]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>dash_joinstyle</p></td>
<td><p>[<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'miter'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'round'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bevel'</span></code>]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>dashes</p></td>
<td><p>sequence of on/off ink in points</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>data</p></td>
<td><p>(np.array xdata, np.array ydata)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>figure</p></td>
<td><p>a matplotlib.figure.Figure instance</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>label</p></td>
<td><p>any string</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>linestyle or ls</p></td>
<td><p>[ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'--'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-.'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">':'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'steps'</span></code> | ...]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>linewidth or lw</p></td>
<td><p>float value in points</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>marker</p></td>
<td><p>[ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'+'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">','</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'.'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'1'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'3'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'4'</span></code> ]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>markeredgecolor or mec</p></td>
<td><p>any matplotlib color</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>markeredgewidth or mew</p></td>
<td><p>float value in points</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>markerfacecolor or mfc</p></td>
<td><p>any matplotlib color</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>markersize or ms</p></td>
<td><p>float</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>markevery</p></td>
<td><p>[ None | integer | (startind, stride) ]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>picker</p></td>
<td><p>used in interactive line selection</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>pickradius</p></td>
<td><p>the line pick selection radius</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>solid_capstyle</p></td>
<td><p>[<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'butt'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'round'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'projecting'</span></code>]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>solid_joinstyle</p></td>
<td><p>[<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'miter'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'round'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bevel'</span></code>]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>transform</p></td>
<td><p>a matplotlib.transforms.Transform instance</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>visible</p></td>
<td><p>[True | False]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>xdata</p></td>
<td><p>np.array</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>ydata</p></td>
<td><p>np.array</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>zorder</p></td>
<td><p>any number</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>To get a list of settable line properties, call the
<a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.setp.html#matplotlib.pyplot.setp" title="matplotlib.pyplot.setp"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setp</span></code></a> function with a line or lines as argument</p>
<div class="highlight-ipython notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">In [69]: </span><span class="n">lines</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="gp">In [70]: </span><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"> alpha: float</span>
<span class="go"> animated: [True | False]</span>
<span class="go"> antialiased or aa: [True | False]</span>
<span class="go"> ...snip</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="working-with-multiple-figures-and-axes">
<span id="multiple-figs-axes"></span><h2>Working with multiple figures and Axes<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-multiple-figures-and-axes" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>MATLAB, and <a class="reference internal" href="../api/pyplot_summary.html#module-matplotlib.pyplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyplot</span></code></a>, have the concept of the current figure
and the current Axes. All plotting functions apply to the current
Axes. The function <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.gca.html#matplotlib.pyplot.gca" title="matplotlib.pyplot.gca"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gca</span></code></a> returns the current Axes (a
<a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes" title="matplotlib.axes.Axes"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.axes.Axes</span></code></a> instance), and <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.gcf.html#matplotlib.pyplot.gcf" title="matplotlib.pyplot.gcf"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gcf</span></code></a> returns the current
figure (a <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.figure.Figure.html#matplotlib.figure.Figure" title="matplotlib.figure.Figure"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.figure.Figure</span></code></a> instance). Normally, you don't have to
worry about this, because it is all taken care of behind the scenes. Below
is a script to create two subplots.</p>
<div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ufunc.html#numpy.ufunc" title="numpy.ufunc" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exp</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ufunc.html#numpy.ufunc" title="numpy.ufunc" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cos</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float" title="builtins.float" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span></a><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t1</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">5.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t2</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">5.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.02</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">211</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t1</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t1</span></a><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'bo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t2</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t2</span></a><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'k'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">212</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t2</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ufunc.html#numpy.ufunc" title="numpy.ufunc" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cos</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float" title="builtins.float" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span></a><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t2</span></a><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'r--'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img src="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_007.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_007.png, ../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_007_2_00x.png 2.00x" alt="pyplot" class = "sphx-glr-single-img"/><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">figure</span></code></a> call here is optional because a figure will be created
if none exists, just as an Axes will be created (equivalent to an explicit
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subplot()</span></code> call) if none exists.
The <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subplot</span></code></a> call specifies <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numrows,</span>
<span class="pre">numcols,</span> <span class="pre">plot_number</span></code> where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plot_number</span></code> ranges from 1 to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numrows*numcols</span></code>. The commas in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subplot</span></code> call are
optional if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numrows*numcols<10</span></code>. So <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subplot(211)</span></code> is identical
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subplot(2,</span> <span class="pre">1,</span> <span class="pre">1)</span></code>.</p>
<p>You can create an arbitrary number of subplots
and Axes. If you want to place an Axes manually, i.e., not on a
rectangular grid, use <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.axes.html#matplotlib.pyplot.axes" title="matplotlib.pyplot.axes"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">axes</span></code></a>,
which allows you to specify the location as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">axes([left,</span> <span class="pre">bottom,</span>
<span class="pre">width,</span> <span class="pre">height])</span></code> where all values are in fractional (0 to 1)
coordinates. See <a class="reference internal" href="../gallery/subplots_axes_and_figures/axes_demo.html"><span class="doc">Axes Demo</span></a> for an example of
placing Axes manually and <a class="reference internal" href="../gallery/subplots_axes_and_figures/subplot.html"><span class="doc">Multiple subplots</span></a> for an
example with lots of subplots.</p>
<p>You can create multiple figures by using multiple
<a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">figure</span></code></a> calls with an increasing figure
number. Of course, each figure can contain as many Axes and subplots
as your heart desires:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># the first figure</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">211</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># the first subplot in the first figure</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">212</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># the second subplot in the first figure</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># a second figure</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="c1"># creates a subplot() by default</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># first figure current;</span>
<span class="c1"># subplot(212) still current</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">211</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># make subplot(211) in the first figure</span>
<span class="c1"># current</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Easy as 1, 2, 3'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># subplot 211 title</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can clear the current figure with <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.clf.html#matplotlib.pyplot.clf" title="matplotlib.pyplot.clf"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clf</span></code></a>
and the current Axes with <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.cla.html#matplotlib.pyplot.cla" title="matplotlib.pyplot.cla"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cla</span></code></a>. If you find
it annoying that states (specifically the current image, figure and Axes)
are being maintained for you behind the scenes, don't despair: this is just a thin
stateful wrapper around an object-oriented API, which you can use
instead (see <a class="reference internal" href="artists.html#artists-tutorial"><span class="std std-ref">Artist tutorial</span></a>)</p>
<p>If you are making lots of figures, you need to be aware of one
more thing: the memory required for a figure is not completely
released until the figure is explicitly closed with
<a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.close.html#matplotlib.pyplot.close" title="matplotlib.pyplot.close"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">close</span></code></a>. Deleting all references to the
figure, and/or using the window manager to kill the window in which
the figure appears on the screen, is not enough, because pyplot
maintains internal references until <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.close.html#matplotlib.pyplot.close" title="matplotlib.pyplot.close"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">close</span></code></a>
is called.</p>
</section>
<section id="working-with-text">
<span id="id3"></span><h2>Working with text<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-text" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.text.html#matplotlib.pyplot.text" title="matplotlib.pyplot.text"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code></a> can be used to add text in an arbitrary location, and
<a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xlabel</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ylabel</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">title</span></code></a> are used to add
text in the indicated locations (see <a class="reference internal" href="../users/explain/text/text_intro.html#text-intro"><span class="std std-ref">Text in Matplotlib</span></a> for a
more detailed example)</p>
<div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">mu</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">sigma</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">15</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">mu</span></a> <span class="o">+</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">sigma</span></a> <span class="o">*</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/random/generated/numpy.random.randn.html#numpy.random.randn" title="numpy.random.randn" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy-random sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># the histogram of the data</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">n</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">bins</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="../api/container_api.html#matplotlib.container.BarContainer" title="matplotlib.container.BarContainer" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-container sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">patches</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.hist.html#matplotlib.pyplot.hist" title="matplotlib.pyplot.hist" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hist</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">density</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">facecolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'g'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">alpha</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.75</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Smarts'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Probability'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Histogram of IQ'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.text.html#matplotlib.pyplot.text" title="matplotlib.pyplot.text" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">.025</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">'$\mu=100,\ \sigma=15$'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.axis.html#matplotlib.pyplot.axis" title="matplotlib.pyplot.axis" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">axis</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">160</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.03</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.grid.html#matplotlib.pyplot.grid" title="matplotlib.pyplot.grid" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img src="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_008.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_008.png, ../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_008_2_00x.png 2.00x" alt="Histogram of IQ" class = "sphx-glr-single-img"/><p>All of the <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.text.html#matplotlib.pyplot.text" title="matplotlib.pyplot.text"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code></a> functions return a <a class="reference internal" href="../api/text_api.html#matplotlib.text.Text" title="matplotlib.text.Text"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.text.Text</span></code></a>
instance. Just as with lines above, you can customize the properties by
passing keyword arguments into the text functions or using <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.setp.html#matplotlib.pyplot.setp" title="matplotlib.pyplot.setp"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setp</span></code></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my data'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fontsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">14</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'red'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>These properties are covered in more detail in <a class="reference internal" href="../users/explain/text/text_props.html#text-props"><span class="std std-ref">Text properties and layout</span></a>.</p>
<section id="using-mathematical-expressions-in-text">
<h3>Using mathematical expressions in text<a class="headerlink" href="#using-mathematical-expressions-in-text" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>Matplotlib accepts TeX equation expressions in any text expression.
For example to write the expression <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\sigma_i=15\)</span> in the title,
you can write a TeX expression surrounded by dollar signs:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">'$\sigma_i=15$'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r</span></code> preceding the title string is important -- it signifies
that the string is a <em>raw</em> string and not to treat backslashes as
python escapes. matplotlib has a built-in TeX expression parser and
layout engine, and ships its own math fonts -- for details see
<a class="reference internal" href="../users/explain/text/mathtext.html#mathtext"><span class="std std-ref">Writing mathematical expressions</span></a>. Thus, you can use mathematical text across
platforms without requiring a TeX installation. For those who have LaTeX
and dvipng installed, you can also use LaTeX to format your text and
incorporate the output directly into your display figures or saved
postscript -- see <a class="reference internal" href="../users/explain/text/usetex.html#usetex"><span class="std std-ref">Text rendering with LaTeX</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="annotating-text">
<h3>Annotating text<a class="headerlink" href="#annotating-text" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>The uses of the basic <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.text.html#matplotlib.pyplot.text" title="matplotlib.pyplot.text"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code></a> function above
place text at an arbitrary position on the Axes. A common use for
text is to annotate some feature of the plot, and the
<a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.annotate.html#matplotlib.pyplot.annotate" title="matplotlib.pyplot.annotate"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">annotate</span></code></a> method provides helper
functionality to make annotations easy. In an annotation, there are
two points to consider: the location being annotated represented by
the argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xy</span></code> and the location of the text <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xytext</span></code>. Both of
these arguments are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code> tuples.</p>
<div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes" title="matplotlib.axes.Axes" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-axes sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">ax</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">5.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.01</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">s</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ufunc.html#numpy.ufunc" title="numpy.ufunc" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cos</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float" title="builtins.float" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span></a><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-lines sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">line</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">s</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lw</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.annotate.html#matplotlib.pyplot.annotate" title="matplotlib.pyplot.annotate" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'local max'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">xy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">xytext</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1.5</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">arrowprops</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">facecolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'black'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">shrink</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.05</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ylim.html#matplotlib.pyplot.ylim" title="matplotlib.pyplot.ylim" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylim</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img src="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_009.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_009.png, ../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_009_2_00x.png 2.00x" alt="pyplot" class = "sphx-glr-single-img"/><p>In this basic example, both the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xy</span></code> (arrow tip) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xytext</span></code>
locations (text location) are in data coordinates. There are a
variety of other coordinate systems one can choose -- see
<a class="reference internal" href="../users/explain/text/annotations.html#annotations-tutorial"><span class="std std-ref">Basic annotation</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../users/explain/text/annotations.html#plotting-guide-annotation"><span class="std std-ref">Advanced annotation</span></a> for
details. More examples can be found in
<a class="reference internal" href="../gallery/text_labels_and_annotations/annotation_demo.html"><span class="doc">Annotating Plots</span></a>.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="logarithmic-and-other-nonlinear-axes">
<h2>Logarithmic and other nonlinear axes<a class="headerlink" href="#logarithmic-and-other-nonlinear-axes" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../api/pyplot_summary.html#module-matplotlib.pyplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.pyplot</span></code></a> supports not only linear axis scales, but also
logarithmic and logit scales. This is commonly used if data spans many orders
of magnitude. Changing the scale of an axis is easy:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xscale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'log'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>An example of four plots with the same data and different scales for the y-axis
is shown below.</p>
<div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Fixing random state for reproducibility</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/random/generated/numpy.random.seed.html#numpy.random.seed" title="numpy.random.seed" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy-random sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">19680801</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># make up some data in the open interval (0, 1)</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/random/generated/numpy.random.normal.html#numpy.random.normal" title="numpy.random.normal" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy-random sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">normal</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scale</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">[(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&</span> <span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">()</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1"># plot with various axes scales</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># linear</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">221</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.yscale.html#matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" title="matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yscale</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'linear'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'linear'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.grid.html#matplotlib.pyplot.grid" title="matplotlib.pyplot.grid" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># log</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">222</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.yscale.html#matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" title="matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yscale</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'log'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'log'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.grid.html#matplotlib.pyplot.grid" title="matplotlib.pyplot.grid" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># symmetric log</span>
<a href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">223</span><span class="p">)</span>