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<article class="bd-article" role="main">
<section id="testing">
<span id="id1"></span><h1>Testing<a class="headerlink" href="#testing" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>Matplotlib uses the <a class="reference external" href="http://doc.pytest.org/en/latest/">pytest</a> framework.</p>
<p>The tests are in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/matplotlib/tests</span></code>, and customizations to the pytest
testing infrastructure are in <a class="reference internal" href="../api/testing_api.html#module-matplotlib.testing" title="matplotlib.testing"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.testing</span></code></a>.</p>
<section id="requirements">
<span id="testing-requirements"></span><h2>Requirements<a class="headerlink" href="#requirements" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>To run the tests you will need to
<a class="reference internal" href="development_setup.html#installing-for-devs"><span class="std std-ref">set up Matplotlib for development</span></a>. Note in
particular the <a class="reference internal" href="dependencies.html#test-dependencies"><span class="std std-ref">additional dependencies</span></a> for testing.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>We will assume that you want to run the tests in a development setup.</p>
<p>While you can run the tests against a regular installed version of
Matplotlib, this is a far less common use case. You still need the
<a class="reference internal" href="dependencies.html#test-dependencies"><span class="std std-ref">additional dependencies</span></a> for testing.
You have to additionally get the reference images from the repository,
because they are not distributed with pre-built Matplotlib packages.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="running-the-tests">
<h2>Running the tests<a class="headerlink" href="#running-the-tests" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>In the root directory of your development repository run:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">pytest</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>pytest can be configured via a lot of <a class="reference external" href="http://doc.pytest.org/en/latest/usage.html">command-line parameters</a>. Some
particularly useful ones are:</p>
<table class="table">
<tbody>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-v</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--verbose</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Be more verbose</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span> <span class="pre">NUM</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Run tests in parallel over NUM
processes (requires <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/pytest-xdist/">pytest-xdist</a>)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--capture=no</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-s</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Do not capture stdout</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>To run a single test from the command line, you can provide a file path,
optionally followed by the function separated by two colons, e.g., (tests do
not need to be installed, but Matplotlib should be):</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pytest</span> <span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">matplotlib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tests</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">test_simplification</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">test_clipping</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="writing-a-simple-test">
<h2>Writing a simple test<a class="headerlink" href="#writing-a-simple-test" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Many elements of Matplotlib can be tested using standard tests. For
example, here is a test from <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib/tests/test_basic.py</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_simple</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd"> very simple example test</span>
<span class="sd"> """</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Pytest determines which functions are tests by searching for files whose names
begin with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"test_"</span></code> and then within those files for functions beginning with
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"test"</span></code> or classes beginning with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"Test"</span></code>.</p>
<p>Some tests have internal side effects that need to be cleaned up after their
execution (such as created figures or modified <a class="reference internal" href="../api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.rcParams" title="matplotlib.rcParams"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rcParams</span></code></a>). The pytest fixture
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.testing.conftest.mpl_test_settings</span></code> will automatically clean
these up; there is no need to do anything further.</p>
</section>
<section id="random-data-in-tests">
<h2>Random data in tests<a class="headerlink" href="#random-data-in-tests" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Random data is a very convenient way to generate data for examples,
however the randomness is problematic for testing (as the tests
must be deterministic!). To work around this set the seed in each test.
For numpy's default random number generator use:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="n">rng</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">default_rng</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">19680801</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>and then use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rng</span></code> when generating the random numbers.</p>
<p>The seed is John Hunter's birthday.</p>
</section>
<section id="writing-an-image-comparison-test">
<h2>Writing an image comparison test<a class="headerlink" href="#writing-an-image-comparison-test" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Writing an image-based test is only slightly more difficult than a simple
test. The main consideration is that you must specify the "baseline", or
expected, images in the <a class="reference internal" href="../api/testing_api.html#matplotlib.testing.decorators.image_comparison" title="matplotlib.testing.decorators.image_comparison"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">image_comparison</span></code></a>
decorator. For example, this test generates a single image and automatically
tests it:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.testing.decorators</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">image_comparison</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<span class="nd">@image_comparison</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">baseline_images</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'line_dashes'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">remove_text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">extensions</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'png'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'mpl20'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_line_dashes</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">fig</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ax</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplots</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">linestyle</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="n">lw</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The first time this test is run, there will be no baseline image to compare
against, so the test will fail. Copy the output images (in this case
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">result_images/test_lines/test_line_dashes.png</span></code>) to the correct
subdirectory of <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">baseline_images</span></code> tree in the source directory (in this
case <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/matplotlib/tests/baseline_images/test_lines</span></code>). Put this new
file under source code revision control (with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">git</span> <span class="pre">add</span></code>). When rerunning
the tests, they should now pass.</p>
<p>It is preferred that new tests use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">style='mpl20'</span></code> as this leads to smaller
figures and reflects the newer look of default Matplotlib plots. Also, if the
texts (labels, tick labels, etc) are not really part of what is tested, use
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">remove_text=True</span></code> as this will lead to smaller figures and reduce possible
issues with font mismatch on different platforms.</p>
<p>Baseline images take a lot of space in the Matplotlib repository.
An alternative approach for image comparison tests is to use the
<a class="reference internal" href="../api/testing_api.html#matplotlib.testing.decorators.check_figures_equal" title="matplotlib.testing.decorators.check_figures_equal"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">check_figures_equal</span></code></a> decorator, which should be
used to decorate a function taking two <a class="reference internal" href="../api/figure_api.html#matplotlib.figure.Figure" title="matplotlib.figure.Figure"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Figure</span></code></a> parameters and draws the same
images on the figures using two different methods (the tested method and the
baseline method). The decorator will arrange for setting up the figures and
then collect the drawn results and compare them.</p>
<p>For example, this test compares two different methods to draw the same
circle: plotting a circle using a <a class="reference internal" href="../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.patches.Circle.html#matplotlib.patches.Circle" title="matplotlib.patches.Circle"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.patches.Circle</span></code></a> patch
vs plotting the circle using the parametric equation of a circle</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.testing.decorators</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">check_figures_equal</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotib.patches</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">mpatches</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="nd">@check_figures_equal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">extensions</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'png'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">tol</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_parametric_circle_plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fig_test</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fig_ref</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">red_circle_ref</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mpatches</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Circle</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'r'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">clip_on</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fig_ref</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_artist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">red_circle_ref</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">theta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">150</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">radius</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0.4</span>
<span class="n">fig_test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">radius</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">theta</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">radius</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">theta</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'r'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Both comparison decorators have a tolerance argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tol</span></code> that is used to specify the
tolerance for difference in color value between the two images, where 255 is the maximal
difference. The test fails if the average pixel difference is greater than this value.</p>
<p>See the documentation of <a class="reference internal" href="../api/testing_api.html#matplotlib.testing.decorators.image_comparison" title="matplotlib.testing.decorators.image_comparison"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">image_comparison</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../api/testing_api.html#matplotlib.testing.decorators.check_figures_equal" title="matplotlib.testing.decorators.check_figures_equal"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">check_figures_equal</span></code></a> for additional information
about their use.</p>
</section>
<section id="creating-a-new-module-in-matplotlib-tests">
<h2>Creating a new module in matplotlib.tests<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-new-module-in-matplotlib-tests" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>We try to keep the tests categorized by the primary module they are
testing. For example, the tests related to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mathtext.py</span></code> module
are in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test_mathtext.py</span></code>.</p>
</section>
<section id="using-github-actions-for-ci">
<h2>Using GitHub Actions for CI<a class="headerlink" href="#using-github-actions-for-ci" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.github.com/en/actions">GitHub Actions</a> is a hosted CI system
"in the cloud".</p>
<p>GitHub Actions is configured to receive notifications of new commits to GitHub
repos and to run builds or tests when it sees these new commits. It looks for a
YAML files in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.github/workflows</span></code> to see how to test the project.</p>
<p>GitHub Actions is already enabled for the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/">main Matplotlib GitHub repository</a> -- for example, see <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/actions?query=workflow%3ATests">the Tests
workflows</a>.</p>
<p>GitHub Actions should be automatically enabled for your personal Matplotlib
fork once the YAML workflow files are in it. It generally isn't necessary to
look at these workflows, since any pull request submitted against the main
Matplotlib repository will be tested. The Tests workflow is skipped in forked
repositories but you can trigger a run manually from the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.github.com/en/actions/managing-workflow-runs/manually-running-a-workflow">GitHub web interface</a>.</p>
<p>You can see the GitHub Actions results at
<a class="github reference external" href="https://github.com/your_GitHub_user_name/matplotlib/actions">your_GitHub_user_name/matplotlib</a> -- here's <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/QuLogic/matplotlib/actions">an
example</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="using-tox">
<h2>Using tox<a class="headerlink" href="#using-tox" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">Tox</a> is a tool for running tests
against multiple Python environments, including multiple versions of Python
(e.g., 3.7, 3.8) and even different Python implementations altogether
(e.g., CPython, PyPy, Jython, etc.), as long as all these versions are
available on your system's $PATH (consider using your system package manager,
e.g. apt-get, yum, or Homebrew, to install them).</p>
<p>tox makes it easy to determine if your working copy introduced any
regressions before submitting a pull request. Here's how to use it:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>tox
$<span class="w"> </span>tox
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also run tox on a subset of environments:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>tox<span class="w"> </span>-e<span class="w"> </span>py38,py39
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Tox processes everything serially so it can take a long time to test
several environments. To speed it up, you might try using a new,
parallelized version of tox called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">detox</span></code>. Give this a try:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>-U<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w"> </span>http://pypi.testrun.org<span class="w"> </span>detox
$<span class="w"> </span>detox
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Tox is configured using a file called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tox.ini</span></code>. You may need to
edit this file if you want to add new environments to test (e.g.,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py33</span></code>) or if you want to tweak the dependencies or the way the
tests are run. For more info on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tox.ini</span></code> file, see the <a class="reference external" href="https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/config.html">Tox
Configuration Specification</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="building-old-versions-of-matplotlib">
<h2>Building old versions of Matplotlib<a class="headerlink" href="#building-old-versions-of-matplotlib" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>When running a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">git</span> <span class="pre">bisect</span></code> to see which commit introduced a certain bug,
you may (rarely) need to build very old versions of Matplotlib. The following
constraints need to be taken into account:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Matplotlib 1.3 (or earlier) requires numpy 1.8 (or earlier).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="testing-released-versions-of-matplotlib">
<h2>Testing released versions of Matplotlib<a class="headerlink" href="#testing-released-versions-of-matplotlib" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Running the tests on an installation of a released version (e.g. PyPI package
or conda package) also requires additional setup.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>For an end-user, there is usually no need to run the tests on released
versions of Matplotlib. Official releases are tested before publishing.</p>
</div>
<section id="install-additional-dependencies">
<h3>Install additional dependencies<a class="headerlink" href="#install-additional-dependencies" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>Install the <a class="reference internal" href="dependencies.html#test-dependencies"><span class="std std-ref">additional dependencies for testing</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="obtain-the-reference-images">
<h3>Obtain the reference images<a class="headerlink" href="#obtain-the-reference-images" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>Many tests compare the plot result against reference images. The reference
images are not part of the regular packaged versions (pip wheels or conda
packages). If you want to run tests with reference images, you need to obtain
the reference images matching the version of Matplotlib you want to test.</p>
<p>To do so, either download the matching source distribution
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib-X.Y.Z.tar.gz</span></code> from <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/matplotlib/">PyPI</a>
or alternatively, clone the git repository and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">git</span> <span class="pre">checkout</span> <span class="pre">vX.Y.Z</span></code>. Copy
the folder <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/matplotlib/tests/baseline_images</span></code> to the folder
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib/tests</span></code> of your the matplotlib installation to test.
The correct target folder can be found using:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="s2">"import matplotlib.tests; print(matplotlib.tests.__file__.rsplit('/', 1)[0])"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>An analogous copying of <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/mpl_toolkits/tests/baseline_images</span></code>
is necessary for testing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mpl_toolkits</span></code>.</p>
</section>
<section id="run-the-tests">
<h3>Run the tests<a class="headerlink" href="#run-the-tests" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>To run the all the tests on your installed version of Matplotlib:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">pytest</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">pyargs</span> <span class="n">matplotlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tests</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The test discovery scope can be narrowed to single test modules or even single
functions:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">pytest</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">pyargs</span> <span class="n">matplotlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_simplification</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">test_clipping</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
</section>
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