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<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Text rendering with XeLaTeX/LuaLaTeX via the pgf backend — Matplotlib 3.6.2 documentation</title>

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Note

Click <a class="reference internal" href="#sphx-glr-download-tutorials-text-pgf-py">here</a>

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<h1>Text rendering with XeLaTeX/LuaLaTeX via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pgf</code> backend<a class="headerlink" href="#text-rendering-with-xelatex-lualatex-via-the-pgf-backend" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>

Using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pgf</code> backend, Matplotlib can export figures as pgf drawing

commands that can be processed with pdflatex, xelatex or lualatex. XeLaTeX and

LuaLaTeX have full Unicode support and can use any font that is installed in

the operating system, making use of advanced typographic features of OpenType,

AAT and Graphite. Pgf pictures created by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">plt.savefig('figure.pgf')</code>

can be embedded as raw commands in LaTeX documents. Figures can also be

directly compiled and saved to PDF with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">plt.savefig('figure.pdf')</code> by

switching the backend

<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>matplotlib.use('pgf')

</pre></div>

</div>

or by explicitly requesting the use of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pgf</code> backend

<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>plt.savefig('figure.pdf', backend='pgf')

</pre></div>

</div>

or by registering it for handling pdf output

<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>from matplotlib.backends.backend_pgf import FigureCanvasPgf

matplotlib.backend_bases.register_backend('pdf', FigureCanvasPgf)

</pre></div>

</div>

The last method allows you to keep using regular interactive backends and to

save xelatex, lualatex or pdflatex compiled PDF files from the graphical user

interface.

Matplotlib's pgf support requires a recent <a class="reference external" href="http://www.tug.org">LaTeX</a> installation that includes

the TikZ/PGF packages (such as <a class="reference external" href="http://www.tug.org/texlive/">TeXLive</a>), preferably with XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX

installed. If either pdftocairo or ghostscript is present on your system,

figures can optionally be saved to PNG images as well. The executables

for all applications must be located on your <a class="reference internal" href="../../users/faq/environment_variables_faq.html#envvar-PATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate">PATH</code></a>.

<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.rcParams" title="matplotlib.rcParams"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate">rcParams</code></a> that control the behavior of the pgf backend:

<thead>

<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Parameter</th>

<th class="head">Documentation</th>

</tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

<tr class="row-even"><td>pgf.preamble</td>

<td>Lines to be included in the LaTeX preamble</td>

</tr>

<tr class="row-odd"><td>pgf.rcfonts</td>

<td>Setup fonts from rc params using the fontspec package</td>

</tr>

<tr class="row-even"><td>pgf.texsystem</td>

<td>Either "xelatex" (default), "lualatex" or "pdflatex"</td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

</div></blockquote>

Note

TeX defines a set of special characters, such as:

<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre># $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }

</pre></div>

</div>

Generally, these characters must be escaped correctly. For convenience,

some characters (_, ^, %) are automatically escaped outside of math

environments. Other characters are not escaped as they are commonly needed

in actual TeX expressions. However, one can configure TeX to treat them as

"normal" characters (known as "catcode 12" to TeX) via a custom preamble,

such as:

<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>plt.rcParams["pgf.preamble"] = (

r"\AtBeginDocument{\catcode`\&=12\catcode`\#=12}")

</pre></div>

</div>

<h2>Multi-Page PDF Files<a class="headerlink" href="#multi-page-pdf-files" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>

The pgf backend also supports multipage pdf files using

<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/backend_pgf_api.html#matplotlib.backends.backend_pgf.PdfPages" title="matplotlib.backends.backend_pgf.PdfPages"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate">PdfPages</code></a>

<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>from matplotlib.backends.backend_pgf import PdfPages

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

with PdfPages('multipage.pdf', metadata={'author': 'Me'}) as pdf:

fig1, ax1 = plt.subplots()

ax1.plot([1, 5, 3])

pdf.savefig(fig1)

fig2, ax2 = plt.subplots()

ax2.plot([1, 5, 3])

pdf.savefig(fig2)

</pre></div>

</div>

</section>

<h2>Font specification<a class="headerlink" href="#font-specification" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>

The fonts used for obtaining the size of text elements or when compiling

figures to PDF are usually defined in the <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.rcParams" title="matplotlib.rcParams"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate">rcParams</code></a>. You can also use the

LaTeX default Computer Modern fonts by clearing the lists for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><a class="reference internal" href="../introductory/customizing.html?highlight=font.serif#matplotlibrc-sample">rcParams["font.serif"]</a></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">['DejaVu Serif', 'Bitstream Vera Serif', 'Computer Modern Roman', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Century Schoolbook L', 'Utopia', 'ITC Bookman', 'Bookman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Times New Roman', 'Times', 'Palatino', 'Charter', 'serif']</code>),

<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><a class="reference internal" href="../introductory/customizing.html?highlight=font.sans-serif#matplotlibrc-sample">rcParams["font.sans-serif"]</a></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">['DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Computer Modern Sans Serif', 'Lucida Grande', 'Verdana', 'Geneva', 'Lucid', 'Arial', 'Helvetica', 'Avant Garde', 'sans-serif']</code>) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><a class="reference internal" href="../introductory/customizing.html?highlight=font.monospace#matplotlibrc-sample">rcParams["font.monospace"]</a></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">['DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Computer Modern Typewriter', 'Andale Mono', 'Nimbus Mono L', 'Courier New', 'Courier', 'Fixed', 'Terminal', 'monospace']</code>). Please note that the glyph

coverage of these fonts is very limited. If you want to keep the Computer

Modern font face but require extended Unicode support, consider installing the

<a class="reference external" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/cm-unicode/">Computer Modern Unicode</a> fonts CMU Serif, CMU Sans Serif, etc.

When saving to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.pgf</code>, the font configuration Matplotlib used for the

layout of the figure is included in the header of the text file.

<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>"""

=========

PGF fonts

=========

"""

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.rcParams.update({

"font.family": "serif",

# Use LaTeX default serif font.

"font.serif": [],

# Use specific cursive fonts.

"font.cursive": ["Comic Neue", "Comic Sans MS"],

})

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(4.5, 2.5))

ax.plot(range(5))

ax.text(0.5, 2., "monospace", family="monospace")

ax.text(2.5, 2., "sans-serif", family="DejaVu Sans") # Use specific sans font.

ax.text(2.5, 1., "comic", family="cursive")

ax.set_xlabel("µ is not $\\mu$")

fig.tight_layout(pad=.5)

</pre></div>

</div>

</section>

<h2>Custom preamble<a class="headerlink" href="#custom-preamble" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>

Full customization is possible by adding your own commands to the preamble.

Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><a class="reference internal" href="../introductory/customizing.html?highlight=pgf.preamble#matplotlibrc-sample">rcParams["pgf.preamble"]</a></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">''</code>) if you want to configure the math fonts,

using <code class="docutils literal notranslate">unicode-math</code> for example, or for loading additional packages. Also,

if you want to do the font configuration yourself instead of using the fonts

specified in the rc parameters, make sure to disable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><a class="reference internal" href="../introductory/customizing.html?highlight=pgf.rcfonts#matplotlibrc-sample">rcParams["pgf.rcfonts"]</a></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>).

<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>"""

============

PGF preamble

============

"""

import matplotlib as mpl

mpl.use("pgf")

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.rcParams.update({

"font.family": "serif", # use serif/main font for text elements

"text.usetex": True, # use inline math for ticks

"pgf.rcfonts": False, # don't setup fonts from rc parameters

"pgf.preamble": "\n".join([

r"\usepackage{url}", # load additional packages

r"\usepackage{unicode-math}", # unicode math setup

r"\setmainfont{DejaVu Serif}", # serif font via preamble

])

})

ax.set_xlabel("unicode text: я, ψ, €, ü")

ax.set_ylabel(r"\url{https://matplotlib.org}")

ax.legend(["unicode math: $λ=∑_i^∞ μ_i^2$"])

</pre></div>

</div>

</section>

<h2>Choosing the TeX system<a class="headerlink" href="#choosing-the-tex-system" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>

The TeX system to be used by Matplotlib is chosen by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><a class="reference internal" href="../introductory/customizing.html?highlight=pgf.texsystem#matplotlibrc-sample">rcParams["pgf.texsystem"]</a></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'xelatex'</code>).

Possible values are <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'xelatex'</code> (default), <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'lualatex'</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'pdflatex'</code>.

Please note that when selecting pdflatex, the fonts and Unicode handling must

be configured in the preamble.

<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>"""

=============

PGF texsystem

=============

"""

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.rcParams.update({

"pgf.texsystem": "pdflatex",

r"\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}",

r"\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}",

r"\usepackage{cmbright}",

]),

})

ax.text(0.5, 3., "serif", family="serif")

ax.set_xlabel(r"µ is not $\mu$")

</pre></div>

</div>

</section>

<h2>Troubleshooting<a class="headerlink" href="#troubleshooting" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>

<li>Please note that the TeX packages found in some Linux distributions and

MiKTeX installations are dramatically outdated. Make sure to update your

package catalog and upgrade or install a recent TeX distribution.</li>

<li>On Windows, the <a class="reference internal" href="../../users/faq/environment_variables_faq.html#envvar-PATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate">PATH</code></a> environment variable may need to be modified

to include the directories containing the latex, dvipng and ghostscript

executables. See <a class="reference internal" href="../../users/faq/environment_variables_faq.html#environment-variables">Environment variables</a> and

<a class="reference internal" href="../../users/faq/environment_variables_faq.html#setting-windows-environment-variables">Setting environment variables in Windows</a> for details.</li>

<li>Sometimes the font rendering in figures that are saved to png images is

very bad. This happens when the pdftocairo tool is not available and

ghostscript is used for the pdf to png conversion.</li>

<li>Make sure what you are trying to do is possible in a LaTeX document,

that your LaTeX syntax is valid and that you are using raw strings

if necessary to avoid unintended escape sequences.</li>

<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><a class="reference internal" href="../introductory/customizing.html?highlight=pgf.preamble#matplotlibrc-sample">rcParams["pgf.preamble"]</a></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">''</code>) provides lots of flexibility, and lots of

ways to cause problems. When experiencing problems, try to minimalize or

disable the custom preamble.</li>

<li>Configuring an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">unicode-math</code> environment can be a bit tricky. The

TeXLive distribution for example provides a set of math fonts which are

usually not installed system-wide. XeTeX, unlike LuaLatex, cannot find

these fonts by their name, which is why you might have to specify

<code class="docutils literal notranslate">\setmathfont{xits-math.otf}</code> instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">\setmathfont{XITS Math}</code> or

alternatively make the fonts available to your OS. See this

<a class="reference external" href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/43642/">tex.stackexchange.com question</a> for more details.

</li>

<li>If the font configuration used by Matplotlib differs from the font setting

in yout LaTeX document, the alignment of text elements in imported figures

may be off. Check the header of your <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.pgf</code> file if you are unsure about

the fonts Matplotlib used for the layout.</li>

<li>Vector images and hence <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.pgf</code> files can become bloated if there are a lot

of objects in the graph. This can be the case for image processing or very

big scatter graphs. In an extreme case this can cause TeX to run out of

memory: "TeX capacity exceeded, sorry" You can configure latex to increase

the amount of memory available to generate the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.pdf</code> image as discussed on

<a class="reference external" href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/7953/">tex.stackexchange.com</a>.

Another way would be to "rasterize" parts of the graph causing problems

using either the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">rasterized=True</code> keyword, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.set_rasterized(True)</code> as

per <a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/misc/rasterization_demo.html">this example</a>.</li>

<li>Various math fonts are compiled and rendered only if corresponding font

packages are loaded. Specifically, when using <code class="docutils literal notranslate">\mathbf{}</code> on Greek letters,

the default computer modern font may not contain them, in which case the

letter is not rendered. In such scenarios, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">lmodern</code> package should be

loaded.</li>

<li>If you still need help, please see <a class="reference internal" href="../../users/faq/troubleshooting_faq.html#reporting-problems">Getting help</a></li>

</ul>

<a class="reference download internal" download="" href="../../_downloads/25d67df24430864089939d66fdd6fb2d/pgf.py"><code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">Download Python source code: pgf.py</code></a>

</div>

<a class="reference download internal" download="" href="../../_downloads/c05cc4ea15a9dca88c942134537c17d0/pgf.ipynb"><code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">Download Jupyter notebook: pgf.ipynb</code></a>

</div>

<a class="reference external" href="https://sphinx-gallery.github.io">Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery</a>

</section>

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Font specification

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Custom preamble

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Choosing the TeX system

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Troubleshooting

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</li>

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