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<div class="section" id="module-matplotlib.cbook">
<span id="matplotlib-cbook"></span><h1><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.cbook</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#module-matplotlib.cbook" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>A collection of utility functions and classes. Originally, many
(but not all) were from the Python Cookbook -- hence the name cbook.</p>
<p>This module is safe to import from anywhere within Matplotlib;
it imports Matplotlib only at runtime.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">CallbackRegistry</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>exception_handler=<function _exception_printer></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#CallbackRegistry"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<p>Handle registering and disconnecting for a set of signals and callbacks:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">oneat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'eat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">ondrink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'drink'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.cbook</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">CallbackRegistry</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CallbackRegistry</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">id_eat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'eat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">oneat</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">id_drink</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'drink'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ondrink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'drink'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">123</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">drink 123</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'eat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">456</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">eat 456</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'be merry'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">456</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># nothing will be called</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">disconnect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id_eat</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'eat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">456</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># nothing will be called</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In practice, one should always disconnect all callbacks when they are
no longer needed to avoid dangling references (and thus memory leaks).
However, real code in Matplotlib rarely does so, and due to its design,
it is rather difficult to place this kind of code. To get around this,
and prevent this class of memory leaks, we instead store weak references
to bound methods only, so when the destination object needs to die, the
CallbackRegistry won't keep it alive.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt><strong>exception_handler</strong><span class="classifier">callable, optional</span></dt><dd><p>If provided must have signature</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exc</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If not None this function will be called with any <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#Exception" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Exception</span></code></a>
subclass raised by the callbacks in <a class="reference internal" href="#matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.process" title="matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.process"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CallbackRegistry.process</span></code></a>.
The handler may either consume the exception or re-raise.</p>
<p>The callable must be pickle-able.</p>
<p>The default handler is</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">h</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exc</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">traceback</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_exc</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.connect">
<code class="descname">connect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>s</em>, <em>func</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#CallbackRegistry.connect"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Register <em>func</em> to be called when signal <em>s</em> is generated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.disconnect">
<code class="descname">disconnect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>cid</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#CallbackRegistry.disconnect"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.disconnect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disconnect the callback registered with callback id <em>cid</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.process">
<code class="descname">process</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>s</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#CallbackRegistry.process"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.process" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Process signal <em>s</em>.</p>
<p>All of the functions registered to receive callbacks on <em>s</em> will be
called with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*args</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">Grouper</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>init=()</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Grouper"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<p>A disjoint-set data structure.</p>
<p>Objects can be joined using <a class="reference internal" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.join" title="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.join"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">join()</span></code></a>, tested for connectedness
using <a class="reference internal" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.joined" title="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.joined"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">joined()</span></code></a>, and all disjoint sets can be retrieved by
using the object as an iterator.</p>
<p>The objects being joined must be hashable and weak-referenceable.</p>
<p class="rubric">Examples</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.cbook</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Grouper</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__repr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="s1">'abcdef'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Grouper</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">grp</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[(a, b, c), (d, e)]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">joined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">joined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">joined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.clean">
<code class="descname">clean</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Grouper.clean"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.clean" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Clean dead weak references from the dictionary.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.get_siblings">
<code class="descname">get_siblings</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>a</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Grouper.get_siblings"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.get_siblings" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return all of the items joined with <em>a</em>, including itself.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.join">
<code class="descname">join</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>a</em>, <em>*args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Grouper.join"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.join" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Join given arguments into the same set. Accepts one or more arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.joined">
<code class="descname">joined</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Grouper.joined"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.joined" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> are members of the same set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.remove">
<code class="descname">remove</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>a</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Grouper.remove"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.remove" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.IgnoredKeywordWarning">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">IgnoredKeywordWarning</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#IgnoredKeywordWarning"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.IgnoredKeywordWarning" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#UserWarning" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserWarning</span></code></a></p>
<p>[<em>Deprecated</em>] A class for issuing warnings about keyword arguments that will be ignored
by Matplotlib.</p>
<p class="rubric">Notes</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 3.3.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">Stack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>default=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Stack"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<p>Stack of elements with a movable cursor.</p>
<p>Mimics home/back/forward in a web browser.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.back">
<code class="descname">back</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Stack.back"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.back" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Move the position back and return the current element.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.bubble">
<code class="descname">bubble</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Stack.bubble"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.bubble" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Raise all references of <em>o</em> to the top of the stack, and return it.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Raises:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>ValueError</dt><dd><p>If <em>o</em> is not in the stack.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.clear">
<code class="descname">clear</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Stack.clear"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Empty the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.empty">
<code class="descname">empty</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Stack.empty"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.empty" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether the stack is empty.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.forward">
<code class="descname">forward</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Stack.forward"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.forward" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Move the position forward and return the current element.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.home">
<code class="descname">home</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Stack.home"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.home" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Push the first element onto the top of the stack.</p>
<p>The first element is returned.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.push">
<code class="descname">push</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Stack.push"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.push" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Push <em>o</em> to the stack at current position. Discard all later elements.</p>
<p><em>o</em> is returned.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.remove">
<code class="descname">remove</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#Stack.remove"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.remove" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove <em>o</em> from the stack.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Raises:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>ValueError</dt><dd><p>If <em>o</em> is not in the stack.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.boxplot_stats">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">boxplot_stats</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>X</em>, <em>whis=1.5</em>, <em>bootstrap=None</em>, <em>labels=None</em>, <em>autorange=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#boxplot_stats"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.boxplot_stats" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of dictionaries of statistics used to draw a series of box
and whisker plots using <a class="reference internal" href="_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.bxp.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes.bxp" title="matplotlib.axes.Axes.bxp"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bxp</span></code></a>.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>X</strong><span class="classifier">array-like</span></dt><dd><p>Data that will be represented in the boxplots. Should have 2 or
fewer dimensions.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>whis</strong><span class="classifier">float or (float, float), default: 1.5</span></dt><dd><p>The position of the whiskers.</p>
<p>If a float, the lower whisker is at the lowest datum above
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Q1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">whis*(Q3-Q1)</span></code>, and the upper whisker at the highest datum below
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Q3</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">whis*(Q3-Q1)</span></code>, where Q1 and Q3 are the first and third
quartiles. The default value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">whis</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">1.5</span></code> corresponds to Tukey's
original definition of boxplots.</p>
<p>If a pair of floats, they indicate the percentiles at which to draw the
whiskers (e.g., (5, 95)). In particular, setting this to (0, 100)
results in whiskers covering the whole range of the data. "range" is
a deprecated synonym for (0, 100).</p>
<p>In the edge case where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Q1</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">Q3</span></code>, <em>whis</em> is automatically set to
(0, 100) (cover the whole range of the data) if <em>autorange</em> is True.</p>
<p>Beyond the whiskers, data are considered outliers and are plotted as
individual points.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>bootstrap</strong><span class="classifier">int, optional</span></dt><dd><p>Number of times the confidence intervals around the median
should be bootstrapped (percentile method).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>labels</strong><span class="classifier">array-like, optional</span></dt><dd><p>Labels for each dataset. Length must be compatible with
dimensions of <em>X</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>autorange</strong><span class="classifier">bool, optional (False)</span></dt><dd><p>When <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a> and the data are distributed such that the 25th and 75th
percentiles are equal, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">whis</span></code> is set to (0, 100) such that the
whisker ends are at the minimum and maximum of the data.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>list of dict</dt><dd><p>A list of dictionaries containing the results for each column
of data. Keys of each dictionary are the following:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col width="19%" />
<col width="81%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Key</th>
<th class="head">Value Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>label</td>
<td>tick label for the boxplot</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>mean</td>
<td>arithmetic mean value</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>med</td>
<td>50th percentile</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>q1</td>
<td>first quartile (25th percentile)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>q3</td>
<td>third quartile (75th percentile)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>cilo</td>
<td>lower notch around the median</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>cihi</td>
<td>upper notch around the median</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>whislo</td>
<td>end of the lower whisker</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>whishi</td>
<td>end of the upper whisker</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>fliers</td>
<td>outliers</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="rubric">Notes</p>
<p>Non-bootstrapping approach to confidence interval uses Gaussian-based
asymptotic approximation:</p>
<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
\[\mathrm{med} \pm 1.57 \times \frac{\mathrm{iqr}}{\sqrt{N}}\]</div>
<p>General approach from:
McGill, R., Tukey, J.W., and Larsen, W.A. (1978) "Variations of
Boxplots", The American Statistician, 32:12-16.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.contiguous_regions">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">contiguous_regions</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>mask</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#contiguous_regions"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.contiguous_regions" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of (ind0, ind1) such that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mask[ind0:ind1].all()</span></code> is
True and we cover all such regions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.delete_masked_points">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">delete_masked_points</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>*args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#delete_masked_points"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.delete_masked_points" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Find all masked and/or non-finite points in a set of arguments,
and return the arguments with only the unmasked points remaining.</p>
<p>Arguments can be in any of 5 categories:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>1-D masked arrays</li>
<li>1-D ndarrays</li>
<li>ndarrays with more than one dimension</li>
<li>other non-string iterables</li>
<li>anything else</li>
</ol>
<p>The first argument must be in one of the first four categories;
any argument with a length differing from that of the first
argument (and hence anything in category 5) then will be
passed through unchanged.</p>
<p>Masks are obtained from all arguments of the correct length
in categories 1, 2, and 4; a point is bad if masked in a masked
array or if it is a nan or inf. No attempt is made to
extract a mask from categories 2, 3, and 4 if <a class="reference external" href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.isfinite.html#numpy.isfinite" title="(in NumPy v1.19)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.isfinite</span></code></a>
does not yield a Boolean array.</p>
<p>All input arguments that are not passed unchanged are returned
as ndarrays after removing the points or rows corresponding to
masks in any of the arguments.</p>
<p>A vastly simpler version of this function was originally
written as a helper for Axes.scatter().</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.file_requires_unicode">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">file_requires_unicode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#file_requires_unicode"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.file_requires_unicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether the given writable file-like object requires Unicode to be
written to it.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.flatten">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">flatten</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>seq</em>, <em>scalarp=<function is_scalar_or_string at 0x7f08c4304310></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#flatten"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.flatten" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a generator of flattened nested containers.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.cbook</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">flatten</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">l</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="s1">'John'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'Hunter'</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">23</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">[[([</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">23</span><span class="p">)],</span> <span class="p">)]])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">flatten</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="go">['John', 'Hunter', 1, 23, 42, 5, 23]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>By: Composite of Holger Krekel and Luther Blissett
From: <a class="reference external" href="https://code.activestate.com/recipes/121294/">https://code.activestate.com/recipes/121294/</a>
and Recipe 1.12 in cookbook</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.get_realpath_and_stat">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">get_realpath_and_stat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#get_realpath_and_stat"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.get_realpath_and_stat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>[<em>Deprecated</em>]</p>
<p class="rubric">Notes</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 3.3: </span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.get_sample_data">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">get_sample_data</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fname</em>, <em>asfileobj=True</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>np_load=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#get_sample_data"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.get_sample_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a sample data file. <em>fname</em> is a path relative to the
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mpl-data/sample_data</span></code> directory. If <em>asfileobj</em> is <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a>
return a file object, otherwise just a file path.</p>
<p>Sample data files are stored in the 'mpl-data/sample_data' directory within
the Matplotlib package.</p>
<p>If the filename ends in .gz, the file is implicitly ungzipped. If the
filename ends with .npy or .npz, <em>asfileobj</em> is True, and <em>np_load</em> is
True, the file is loaded with <a class="reference external" href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.load.html#numpy.load" title="(in NumPy v1.19)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.load</span></code></a>. <em>np_load</em> currently defaults
to False but will default to True in a future release.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.index_of">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">index_of</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>y</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#index_of"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.index_of" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A helper function to create reasonable x values for the given <em>y</em>.</p>
<p>This is used for plotting (x, y) if x values are not explicitly given.</p>
<p>First try <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y.index</span></code> (assuming <em>y</em> is a <a class="reference external" href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.Series.html#pandas.Series" title="(in pandas v1.0.5)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pandas.Series</span></code></a>), if that
fails, use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range(len(y))</span></code>.</p>
<p>This will be extended in the future to deal with more types of
labeled data.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>y</strong><span class="classifier">float or array-like</span></dt><dd></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt><strong>x, y</strong><span class="classifier">ndarray</span></dt><dd><p>The x and y values to plot.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_math_text">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_math_text</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#is_math_text"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_math_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether the string <em>s</em> contains math expressions.</p>
<p>This is done by checking whether <em>s</em> contains an even number of
non-escaped dollar signs.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_scalar_or_string">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_scalar_or_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>val</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#is_scalar_or_string"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_scalar_or_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether the given object is a scalar or string like.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_writable_file_like">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_writable_file_like</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#is_writable_file_like"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_writable_file_like" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether <em>obj</em> looks like a file object with a <em>write</em> method.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.local_over_kwdict">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">local_over_kwdict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>local_var</em>, <em>kwargs</em>, <em>*keys</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#local_over_kwdict"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.local_over_kwdict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>[<em>Deprecated</em>] Enforces the priority of a local variable over potentially conflicting
argument(s) from a kwargs dict. The following possible output values are
considered in order of priority:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">local_var</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The first of these whose value is not None will be returned. If all are
None then None will be returned. Each key in keys will be removed from the
kwargs dict in place.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>local_var</strong><span class="classifier">any object</span></dt><dd><p>The local variable (highest priority).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>kwargs</strong><span class="classifier">dict</span></dt><dd><p>Dictionary of keyword arguments; modified in place.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>keys</strong><span class="classifier">str(s)</span></dt><dd><p>Name(s) of keyword arguments to process, in descending order of
priority.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt>any object</dt><dd><p>Either local_var or one of kwargs[key] for key in keys.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Raises:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>IgnoredKeywordWarning</dt><dd><p>For each key in keys that is removed from kwargs but not used as
the output value.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="rubric">Notes</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 3.3.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.maxdict">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">maxdict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>maxsize</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#maxdict"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.maxdict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a></p>
<p>A dictionary with a maximum size.</p>
<p class="rubric">Notes</p>
<p>This doesn't override all the relevant methods to constrain the size,
just <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__setitem__</span></code>, so use with caution.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.normalize_kwargs">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">normalize_kwargs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>kw</em>, <em>alias_mapping=None</em>, <em>required=<deprecated parameter></em>, <em>forbidden=<deprecated parameter></em>, <em>allowed=<deprecated parameter></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#normalize_kwargs"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.normalize_kwargs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Helper function to normalize kwarg inputs.</p>
<p>The order they are resolved are:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>aliasing</li>
<li>required</li>
<li>forbidden</li>
<li>allowed</li>
</ol>
<p>This order means that only the canonical names need appear in
<em>allowed</em>, <em>forbidden</em>, <em>required</em>.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>kw</strong><span class="classifier">dict</span></dt><dd><p>A dict of keyword arguments.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>alias_mapping</strong><span class="classifier">dict or Artist subclass or Artist instance, optional</span></dt><dd><p>A mapping between a canonical name to a list of
aliases, in order of precedence from lowest to highest.</p>
<p>If the canonical value is not in the list it is assumed to have
the highest priority.</p>
<p>If an Artist subclass or instance is passed, use its properties alias
mapping.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>required</strong><span class="classifier">list of str, optional</span></dt><dd><p>A list of keys that must be in <em>kws</em>. This parameter is deprecated.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>forbidden</strong><span class="classifier">list of str, optional</span></dt><dd><p>A list of keys which may not be in <em>kw</em>. This parameter is deprecated.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>allowed</strong><span class="classifier">list of str, optional</span></dt><dd><p>A list of allowed fields. If this not None, then raise if
<em>kw</em> contains any keys not in the union of <em>required</em>
and <em>allowed</em>. To allow only the required fields pass in
an empty tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">allowed=()</span></code>. This parameter is deprecated.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Raises:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>TypeError</dt><dd><p>To match what python raises if invalid args/kwargs are passed to
a callable.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.open_file_cm">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">open_file_cm</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path_or_file</em>, <em>mode='r'</em>, <em>encoding=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#open_file_cm"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.open_file_cm" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pass through file objects and context-manage path-likes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.print_cycles">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">print_cycles</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>objects</em>, <em>outstream=<_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdout>' mode='w' encoding='utf-8'></em>, <em>show_progress=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#print_cycles"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.print_cycles" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print loops of cyclic references in the given <em>objects</em>.</p>
<p>It is often useful to pass in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc.garbage</span></code> to find the cycles that are
preventing some objects from being garbage collected.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt><strong>objects</strong></dt><dd><p>A list of objects to find cycles in.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>outstream</strong></dt><dd><p>The stream for output.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>show_progress</strong><span class="classifier">bool</span></dt><dd><p>If True, print the number of objects reached as they are found.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.pts_to_midstep">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">pts_to_midstep</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>*args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#pts_to_midstep"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.pts_to_midstep" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert continuous line to mid-steps.</p>
<p>Given a set of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N</span></code> points convert to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2N</span></code> points which when connected
linearly give a step function which changes values at the middle of the
intervals.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>x</strong><span class="classifier">array</span></dt><dd><p>The x location of the steps. May be empty.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>y1, ..., yp</strong><span class="classifier">array</span></dt><dd><p>y arrays to be turned into steps; all must be the same length as
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>array</dt><dd><p>The x and y values converted to steps in the same order as the input;
can be unpacked as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x_out,</span> <span class="pre">y1_out,</span> <span class="pre">...,</span> <span class="pre">yp_out</span></code>. If the input is
length <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N</span></code>, each of these arrays will be length <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2N</span></code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="rubric">Examples</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x_s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y1_s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y2_s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pts_to_midstep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y2</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.pts_to_poststep">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">pts_to_poststep</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>*args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#pts_to_poststep"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.pts_to_poststep" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert continuous line to post-steps.</p>
<p>Given a set of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N</span></code> points convert to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2N</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> points, which when
connected linearly give a step function which changes values at the end of
the intervals.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>x</strong><span class="classifier">array</span></dt><dd><p>The x location of the steps. May be empty.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>y1, ..., yp</strong><span class="classifier">array</span></dt><dd><p>y arrays to be turned into steps; all must be the same length as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>array</dt><dd><p>The x and y values converted to steps in the same order as the input;
can be unpacked as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x_out,</span> <span class="pre">y1_out,</span> <span class="pre">...,</span> <span class="pre">yp_out</span></code>. If the input is
length <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N</span></code>, each of these arrays will be length <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2N</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>. For
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N=0</span></code>, the length will be 0.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="rubric">Examples</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x_s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y1_s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y2_s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pts_to_poststep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y2</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.pts_to_prestep">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">pts_to_prestep</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>*args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#pts_to_prestep"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.pts_to_prestep" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert continuous line to pre-steps.</p>
<p>Given a set of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N</span></code> points, convert to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2N</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> points, which when
connected linearly give a step function which changes values at the
beginning of the intervals.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>x</strong><span class="classifier">array</span></dt><dd><p>The x location of the steps. May be empty.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>y1, ..., yp</strong><span class="classifier">array</span></dt><dd><p>y arrays to be turned into steps; all must be the same length as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>array</dt><dd><p>The x and y values converted to steps in the same order as the input;
can be unpacked as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x_out,</span> <span class="pre">y1_out,</span> <span class="pre">...,</span> <span class="pre">yp_out</span></code>. If the input is
length <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N</span></code>, each of these arrays will be length <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2N</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>. For
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N=0</span></code>, the length will be 0.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="rubric">Examples</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x_s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y1_s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y2_s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pts_to_prestep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y2</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.report_memory">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">report_memory</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i=0</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#report_memory"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.report_memory" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the memory consumed by the process.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.safe_first_element">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">safe_first_element</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#safe_first_element"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.safe_first_element" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the first element in <em>obj</em>.</p>
<p>This is an type-independent way of obtaining the first element, supporting
both index access and the iterator protocol.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.safe_masked_invalid">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">safe_masked_invalid</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>copy=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#safe_masked_invalid"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.safe_masked_invalid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.sanitize_sequence">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">sanitize_sequence</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#sanitize_sequence"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.sanitize_sequence" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert dictview objects to list. Other inputs are returned unchanged.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.silent_list">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">silent_list</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>type</em>, <em>seq=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#silent_list"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.silent_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a></p>
<p>A list with a short <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code>.</p>
<p>This is meant to be used for a homogeneous list of artists, so that they
don't cause long, meaningless output.</p>
<p>Instead of</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">matplotlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Line2D</span> <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="mh">0x7f5749fed3c8</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="o"><</span><span class="n">matplotlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Line2D</span> <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="mh">0x7f5749fed4e0</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="o"><</span><span class="n">matplotlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Line2D</span> <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="mh">0x7f5758016550</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>one will get</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="nb">list</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="n">Line2D</span> <span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.simple_linear_interpolation">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">simple_linear_interpolation</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>steps</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#simple_linear_interpolation"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.simple_linear_interpolation" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Resample an array with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">steps</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> points between original point pairs.</p>
<p>Along each column of <em>a</em>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(steps</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1)</span></code> points are introduced between
each original values; the values are linearly interpolated.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>a</strong><span class="classifier">array, shape (n, ...)</span></dt><dd></dd>
<dt><strong>steps</strong><span class="classifier">int</span></dt><dd></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>array</dt><dd><p>shape <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">((n</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1)</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">steps</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">1,</span> <span class="pre">...)</span></code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.strip_math">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">strip_math</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#strip_math"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.strip_math" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove latex formatting from mathtext.</p>
<p>Only handles fully math and fully non-math strings.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.to_filehandle">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">to_filehandle</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fname</em>, <em>flag='r'</em>, <em>return_opened=False</em>, <em>encoding=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#to_filehandle"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.to_filehandle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert a path to an open file handle or pass-through a file-like object.</p>
<p>Consider using <a class="reference internal" href="#matplotlib.cbook.open_file_cm" title="matplotlib.cbook.open_file_cm"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_file_cm</span></code></a> instead, as it allows one to properly close
newly created file objects more easily.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>fname</strong><span class="classifier">str or path-like or file-like</span></dt><dd><p>If <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> or <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.PathLike" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.PathLike</span></code></a>, the file is opened using the flags specified
by <em>flag</em> and <em>encoding</em>. If a file-like object, it is passed through.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>flag</strong><span class="classifier">str, default 'r'</span></dt><dd><p>Passed as the <em>mode</em> argument to <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open</span></code></a> when <em>fname</em> is <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> or
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.PathLike" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.PathLike</span></code></a>; ignored if <em>fname</em> is file-like.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>return_opened</strong><span class="classifier">bool, default False</span></dt><dd><p>If True, return both the file object and a boolean indicating whether
this was a new file (that the caller needs to close). If False, return
only the new file.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>encoding</strong><span class="classifier">str or None, default None</span></dt><dd><p>Passed as the <em>mode</em> argument to <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open</span></code></a> when <em>fname</em> is <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> or
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.PathLike" title="(in Python v3.8)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.PathLike</span></code></a>; ignored if <em>fname</em> is file-like.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt><strong>fh</strong><span class="classifier">file-like</span></dt><dd></dd>
<dt><strong>opened</strong><span class="classifier">bool</span></dt><dd><p><em>opened</em> is only returned if <em>return_opened</em> is True.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.violin_stats">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">violin_stats</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>X</em>, <em>method</em>, <em>points=100</em>, <em>quantiles=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/matplotlib/cbook.html#violin_stats"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.violin_stats" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of dictionaries of data which can be used to draw a series
of violin plots.</p>
<p>See the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Returns</span></code> section below to view the required keys of the
dictionary.</p>
<p>Users can skip this function and pass a user-defined set of dictionaries
with the same keys to <a class="reference internal" href="_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.violinplot.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes.violinplot" title="matplotlib.axes.Axes.violinplot"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">violinplot</span></code></a> instead of using Matplotlib
to do the calculations. See the <em>Returns</em> section below for the keys
that must be present in the dictionaries.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>X</strong><span class="classifier">array-like</span></dt><dd><p>Sample data that will be used to produce the gaussian kernel density
estimates. Must have 2 or fewer dimensions.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>method</strong><span class="classifier">callable</span></dt><dd><p>The method used to calculate the kernel density estimate for each
column of data. When called via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">method(v,</span> <span class="pre">coords)</span></code>, it should
return a vector of the values of the KDE evaluated at the values
specified in coords.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>points</strong><span class="classifier">int, default: 100</span></dt><dd><p>Defines the number of points to evaluate each of the gaussian kernel
density estimates at.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>quantiles</strong><span class="classifier">array-like, default: None</span></dt><dd><p>Defines (if not None) a list of floats in interval [0, 1] for each
column of data, which represents the quantiles that will be rendered
for that column of data. Must have 2 or fewer dimensions. 1D array will
be treated as a singleton list containing them.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>list of dict</dt><dd><p>A list of dictionaries containing the results for each column of data.
The dictionaries contain at least the following:</p>