---
title: APIs, time-series, and weather Data
subtitle: Processing daily weather data from NOAA
week: 9
type: Task
reading:
-
presentation:
-
tasks:
- Access and work with station weather data from Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN)
- Explore options for plotting timeseries
- Trend analysis
- Compute Climate Extremes
---
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, results='hide', purl=FALSE}
source("functions.R")
source("knitr_header.R")
```
`r presframe()`
# Reading
```{r reading,results='asis',echo=F}
md_bullet(rmarkdown::metadata$reading)
```
## Download
`r output_table()`
# Climate Metrics
## Climate Metrics: ClimdEX
Indices representing extreme aspects of climate derived from daily data:
Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC) at University of New South Wales (UNSW) ([climdex.org](http://www.climdex.org)).
### 27 Core indices
For example:
* **FD** Number of frost days: Annual count of days when TN (daily minimum temperature) < 0C.
* **SU** Number of summer days: Annual count of days when TX (daily maximum temperature) > 25C.
* **ID** Number of icing days: Annual count of days when TX (daily maximum temperature) < 0C.
* **TR** Number of tropical nights: Annual count of days when TN (daily minimum temperature) > 20C.
* **GSL** Growing season length: Annual (1st Jan to 31st Dec in Northern Hemisphere (NH), 1st July to 30th June in Southern Hemisphere (SH)) count between first span of at least 6 days with daily mean temperature TG>5C and first span after July 1st (Jan 1st in SH) of 6 days with TG<5C.
* **TXx** Monthly maximum value of daily maximum temperature
* **TN10p** Percentage of days when TN < 10th percentile
* **Rx5day** Monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation
* **SDII** Simple pricipitation intensity index
# Weather Data
### Climate Data Online
### GHCN
## Options for downloading data
### `FedData` package
* National Elevation Dataset digital elevation models (1 and 1/3 arc-second; USGS)
* National Hydrography Dataset (USGS)
* Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database
* International Tree Ring Data Bank.
* *Global Historical Climatology Network* (GHCN)
### NOAA API
[National Climatic Data Center application programming interface (API)]( http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/webservices/v2).
### `rNOAA` package
Handles downloading data directly from NOAA APIv2.
* `buoy_*` NOAA Buoy data from the National Buoy Data Center
* `ghcnd_*` GHCND daily data from NOAA
* `isd_*` ISD/ISH data from NOAA
* `homr_*` Historical Observing Metadata Repository
* `ncdc_*` NOAA National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)
* `seaice` Sea ice
* `storm_` Storms (IBTrACS)
* `swdi` Severe Weather Data Inventory (SWDI)
* `tornadoes` From the NOAA Storm Prediction Center
---
### Libraries
```{r,results='hide',message=FALSE}
library(raster)
library(sp)
library(rgdal)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggmap)
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(maps)
library(scales)
# New Packages
library(rnoaa)
library(climdex.pcic)
library(zoo)
library(reshape2)
library(broom)
```
### Station locations
Download the GHCN station inventory with `ghcnd_stations()`.
```{r}
datadir="data"
st = ghcnd_stations()
## Optionally, save it to disk
# write.csv(st,file.path(datadir,"st.csv"))
## If internet fails, load the file from disk using:
# st=read.csv(file.path(datadir,"st.csv"))
```
### GHCND Variables
5 core values:
* **PRCP** Precipitation (tenths of mm)
* **SNOW** Snowfall (mm)
* **SNWD** Snow depth (mm)
* **TMAX** Maximum temperature
* **TMIN** Minimum temperature
And ~50 others! For example:
* **ACMC** Average cloudiness midnight to midnight from 30-second ceilometer
* **AWND** Average daily wind speed
* **FMTM** Time of fastest mile or fastest 1-minute wind
* **MDSF** Multiday snowfall total
### `filter()` to temperature and precipitation
```{r}
st=dplyr::filter(st,element%in%c("TMAX","TMIN","PRCP"))
```
### Map GHCND stations
First, get a global country polygon
```{r, warning=F}
worldmap=map_data("world")
```
Plot all stations:
```{r}
ggplot(data=st,aes(y=latitude,x=longitude)) +
facet_grid(element~.)+
annotation_map(map=worldmap,size=.1,fill="grey",colour="black")+
geom_point(size=.1,col="red")+
coord_equal()
```
It's hard to see all the points, let's bin them...
```{r}
ggplot(st,aes(y=latitude,x=longitude)) +
annotation_map(map=worldmap,size=.1,fill="grey",colour="black")+
facet_grid(element~.)+
stat_bin2d(bins=100)+
scale_fill_distiller(palette="YlOrRd",trans="log",direction=-1,
breaks = c(1,10,100,1000))+
coord_equal()
```
## Your turn
Produce a binned map (like above) with the following modifications:
* include only stations with a data record that starts before 1950 and ends after 2000 (keeping only complete records during that time).
* include only `tmax`
## Download daily data from GHCN
`ghcnd()` will download a `.dly` file for a particular station. But how to choose?
### `geocode` in ggmap package useful for geocoding place names
Geocodes a location (find latitude and longitude) using either (1) the Data Science Toolkit (http://www.datasciencetoolkit.org/about) or (2) Google Maps.
```{r}
geocode("University at Buffalo, NY")
```
However, you have to be careful:
```{r}
geocode("My Grandma's house")
```
But this is pretty safe for well known places.
```{r}
coords=as.matrix(geocode("Buffalo, NY"))
coords
```
Now use that location to spatially filter stations with a rectangular box.
```{r}
dplyr::filter(st,
grepl("BUFFALO",name)&
between(latitude,coords[2]-1,coords[2]+1) &
between(longitude,coords[1]-1,coords[1]+1)&
element=="TMAX")
```
You could also spatially filter using `over()` in sp package...
With the station ID, we can now download daily data from NOAA.
```{r}
d=meteo_tidy_ghcnd("USW00014733",
var = c("TMAX","TMIN","PRCP"),
keep_flags=T)
head(d)
```
See [CDO Daily Description](http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cdo/documentation/GHCND_documentation.pdf) and raw [GHCND metadata](http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/readme.txt) for more details. If you want to download multiple stations at once, check out `meteo_pull_monitors()`
### Quality Control: MFLAG
Measurement Flag/Attribute
* **Blank** no measurement information applicable
* **B** precipitation total formed from two twelve-hour totals
* **H** represents highest or lowest hourly temperature (TMAX or TMIN) or average of hourly values (TAVG)
* **K** converted from knots
* ...
See [CDO Description](http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cdo/documentation/GHCND_documentation.pdf)
### Quality Control: QFLAG
* **Blank** did not fail any quality assurance check
* **D** failed duplicate check
* **G** failed gap check
* **K** failed streak/frequent-value check
* **N** failed naught check
* **O** failed climatological outlier check
* **S** failed spatial consistency check
* **T** failed temporal consistency check
* **W** temperature too warm for snow
* ...
See [CDO Description](http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cdo/documentation/GHCND_documentation.pdf)
### Quality Control: SFLAG
Indicates the source of the data...
## Summarize QC flags
Summarize the QC flags. How many of which type are there? Should we be more conservative?
```{r}
table(d$qflag_tmax)
table(d$qflag_tmin)
table(d$qflag_prcp)
```
* **T** failed temporal consistency check
#### Filter with QC data and change units
```{r}
d_filtered=d%>%
mutate(tmax=ifelse(qflag_tmax!=" "|tmax==-9999,NA,tmax/10))%>% # convert to degrees C
mutate(tmin=ifelse(qflag_tmin!=" "|tmin==-9999,NA,tmin/10))%>% # convert to degrees C
mutate(prcp=ifelse(qflag_tmin!=" "|prcp==-9999,NA,prcp))%>% # convert to degrees C
arrange(date)
```
Plot temperatures
```{r}
ggplot(d_filtered,
aes(y=tmax,x=date))+
geom_line(col="red")
```
Limit to a few years and plot the daily range and average temperatures.
```{r}
d_filtered_recent=filter(d_filtered,date>as.Date("2013-01-01"))
ggplot(d_filtered_recent,
aes(ymax=tmax,ymin=tmin,x=date))+
geom_ribbon(col="grey",fill="grey")+
geom_line(aes(y=(tmax+tmin)/2),col="red")
```
### Zoo package for rolling functions
Infrastructure for Regular and Irregular Time Series (Z's Ordered Observations)
* `rollmean()`: Rolling mean
* `rollsum()`: Rolling sum
* `rollapply()`: Custom functions
Use rollmean to calculate a rolling 60-day average.
* `align` whether the index of the result should be left- or right-aligned or centered
```{r}
d_rollmean = d_filtered_recent %>%
arrange(date) %>%
mutate(tmax.60 = rollmean(x = tmax, 60, align = "center", fill = NA),
tmax.b60 = rollmean(x = tmax, 60, align = "right", fill = NA))
```
```{r}
d_rollmean%>%
ggplot(aes(ymax=tmax,ymin=tmin,x=date))+
geom_ribbon(fill="grey")+
geom_line(aes(y=(tmin+tmax)/2),col=grey(0.4),size=.5)+
geom_line(aes(y=tmax.60),col="red")+
geom_line(aes(y=tmax.b60),col="darkred")
```
## Your Turn
Plot a 30-day rolling "right" aligned sum of precipitation.
# Time Series analysis
Most timeseries functions use the time series class (`ts`)
```{r}
tmin.ts=ts(d_filtered_recent$tmin,frequency = 365)
```
## Temporal autocorrelation
Values are highly correlated!
```{r}
ggplot(d_filtered_recent,aes(y=tmin,x=lag(tmin)))+
geom_point()+
geom_abline(intercept=0, slope=1)
```
### Autocorrelation functions
* autocorrelation $x$ vs. $x_{t-1}$ (lag=1)
* partial autocorrelation. $x$ vs. $x_{n}$ _after_ controlling for correlations $\in t-1:n$
#### Autocorrelation
```{r}
acf(tmin.ts,lag.max = 365*3,na.action = na.exclude )
```
#### Partial Autocorrelation
```{r}
pacf(tmin.ts,lag.max = 365*3,na.action = na.exclude )
```
# Checking for significant trends
## Compute temporal aggregation indices
### Group by month, season, year, and decade.
How to convert years into 'decades'?
```{r}
1938
round(1938,-1)
floor(1938/10)*10
```
Calculate seasonal and decadal mean temperatures.
```{r}
d_filtered2=d_filtered%>%
mutate(month=as.numeric(format(date,"%m")),
year=as.numeric(format(date,"%Y")),
season=ifelse(month%in%c(12,1,2),"Winter",
ifelse(month%in%c(3,4,5),"Spring",
ifelse(month%in%c(6,7,8),"Summer",
ifelse(month%in%c(9,10,11),"Fall",NA)))),
dec=(floor(as.numeric(format(date,"%Y"))/10)*10))
knitr::kable(head(d_filtered2))
```
## Timeseries models
How to assess change? Simple differences?
```{r}
d_filtered2%>%
mutate(period=ifelse(year<=1976-01-01,"early","late"))%>% #create two time periods before and after 1976
group_by(period)%>% # divide the data into the two groups
summarize(n=n(), # calculate the means between the two periods
tmin=mean(tmin,na.rm=T),
tmax=mean(tmax,na.rm=T),
prcp=mean(prcp,na.rm=T))
```
But be careful, there were lots of missing data in the beginning of the record
```{r, warning=F}
d_filtered2%>%
group_by(year)%>%
summarize(n=n())%>%
ggplot(aes(x=year,y=n))+
geom_line(col="grey")
# which years don't have complete data?
d_filtered2%>%
group_by(year)%>%
summarize(n=n())%>%
filter(n<360)
```
Plot 10-year means (excluding years without complete data):
```{r, warning=F}
d_filtered2%>%
filter(year>1938, year<2017)%>%
group_by(dec)%>%
summarize(
n=n(),
tmin=mean(tmin,na.rm=T),
tmax=mean(tmax,na.rm=T),
prcp=mean(prcp,na.rm=T)
)%>%
ggplot(aes(x=dec,y=tmax))+
geom_line(col="grey")
```
### Look for specific events: was 2017 unusually hot in Buffalo, NY?
Let's compare 2017 with all the previous years in the dataset. First add 'day of year' to the data to facilitate showing all years on the same plot.
```{r, warning=F}
df=d_filtered2%>%
mutate(doy=as.numeric(format(date,"%j")),
doydate=as.Date(paste("2017-",doy),format="%Y-%j"))
```
Then plot all years (in grey) and add 2017 in red.
```{r, warning=F}
ggplot(df,aes(x=doydate,y=tmax,group=year))+
geom_line(col="grey",alpha=.5)+ # plot each year in grey
stat_smooth(aes(group=1),col="black")+ # Add a smooth GAM to estimate the long-term mean
geom_line(data=filter(df,year>2016),col="red")+ # add 2017 in red
scale_x_date(labels = date_format("%b"),date_breaks = "2 months")
```
Then 'zoom' into just the past few months and add 2017 in red.
```{r, warning=F}
ggplot(df,aes(x=doydate,y=tmax,group=year))+
geom_line(col="grey",alpha=.5)+
stat_smooth(aes(group=1),col="black")+
geom_line(data=filter(df,year>2016),col="red")+
scale_x_date(labels = date_format("%b"),date_breaks = "2 months",
lim=c(as.Date("2017-08-01"),as.Date("2017-10-31")))
```
So there was an unusually warm spell in late September.
#### Summarize by season
```{r, warning=F,fig.height=12}
seasonal=d_filtered2%>%
group_by(year,season)%>%
summarize(n=n(),
tmin=mean(tmin),
tmax=mean(tmax),
prcp=mean(prcp))%>%
filter(n>75)
ggplot(seasonal,aes(y=tmin,x=year))+
facet_grid(season~.,scales = "free_y")+
stat_smooth(method="lm", se=T)+
geom_line()
```
#### Linear regression of maximum temperature in fall
```{r, warning=F}
s1=seasonal%>%
filter(season=="Summer")
ggplot(s1,aes(y=tmin,x=year))+
stat_smooth(method="lm", se=T)+
geom_line()
```
```{r}
lm1=lm(tmin~year, data=s1)
str(lm1)
summary(lm1)
```
You can extract values of interest by looking at the structure of the object.
```{r}
str(summary(lm1))
summary(lm1)$r.squared
```
Print a summary table:
```{r, as.is=T}
tidy(lm1)
```
### Autoregressive models
See [Time Series Analysis Task View](https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/TimeSeries.html) for summary of available packages/models.
* Moving average (MA) models
* autoregressive (AR) models
* autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models
* frequency analysis
* Many, many more...
-------
# Climate Metrics
### Climdex indices
[ClimDex](http://www.climdex.org/indices.html)
### Format data for `climdex`
```{r}
library(PCICt)
## Parse the dates into PCICt.
pc.dates <- as.PCICt(as.POSIXct(d_filtered$date),cal="gregorian")
```
### Generate the climdex object
```{r}
library(climdex.pcic)
ci <- climdexInput.raw(
tmax=d_filtered$tmax,
tmin=d_filtered$tmin,
prec=d_filtered$prcp,
pc.dates,pc.dates,pc.dates,
base.range=c(1971, 2000))
years=as.numeric(as.character(unique(ci@date.factors$annual)))
```
### Cumulative dry days
```{r}
cdd= climdex.cdd(ci, spells.can.span.years = TRUE)
plot(cdd~years,type="l")
```
### Diurnal Temperature Range
```{r}
dtr=climdex.dtr(ci, freq = c("annual"))
plot(dtr~years,type="l")
```
### Frost Days
```{r}
fd=climdex.fd(ci)
plot(fd~years,type="l")
```
## Your Turn
See all available indices with:
```{r}
climdex.get.available.indices(ci)
```
Select 3 indices, calculate them, and plot the timeseries.
Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC) at University of New South Wales (UNSW) ([climdex.org](http://www.climdex.org)).
### 27 Core indices
For example:
* **FD** Number of frost days: Annual count of days when TN (daily minimum temperature) < 0C.
* **SU** Number of summer days: Annual count of days when TX (daily maximum temperature) > 25C.
* **ID** Number of icing days: Annual count of days when TX (daily maximum temperature) < 0C.
* **TR** Number of tropical nights: Annual count of days when TN (daily minimum temperature) > 20C.
* **GSL** Growing season length: Annual (1st Jan to 31st Dec in Northern Hemisphere (NH), 1st July to 30th June in Southern Hemisphere (SH)) count between first span of at least 6 days with daily mean temperature TG>5C and first span after July 1st (Jan 1st in SH) of 6 days with TG<5C.
* **TXx** Monthly maximum value of daily maximum temperature
* **TN10p** Percentage of days when TN < 10th percentile
* **Rx5day** Monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation
* **SDII** Simple pricipitation intensity index
# Weather Data
### Climate Data Online
### GHCN
## Options for downloading data
### `FedData` package
* National Elevation Dataset digital elevation models (1 and 1/3 arc-second; USGS)
* National Hydrography Dataset (USGS)
* Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database
* International Tree Ring Data Bank.
* *Global Historical Climatology Network* (GHCN)
### NOAA API
[National Climatic Data Center application programming interface (API)]( http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/webservices/v2).
### `rNOAA` package
Handles downloading data directly from NOAA APIv2.
* `buoy_*` NOAA Buoy data from the National Buoy Data Center
* `ghcnd_*` GHCND daily data from NOAA
* `isd_*` ISD/ISH data from NOAA
* `homr_*` Historical Observing Metadata Repository
* `ncdc_*` NOAA National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)
* `seaice` Sea ice
* `storm_` Storms (IBTrACS)
* `swdi` Severe Weather Data Inventory (SWDI)
* `tornadoes` From the NOAA Storm Prediction Center
---
### Libraries
```{r,results='hide',message=FALSE}
library(raster)
library(sp)
library(rgdal)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggmap)
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(maps)
library(scales)
# New Packages
library(rnoaa)
library(climdex.pcic)
library(zoo)
library(reshape2)
library(broom)
```
### Station locations
Download the GHCN station inventory with `ghcnd_stations()`.
```{r}
datadir="data"
st = ghcnd_stations()
## Optionally, save it to disk
# write.csv(st,file.path(datadir,"st.csv"))
## If internet fails, load the file from disk using:
# st=read.csv(file.path(datadir,"st.csv"))
```
### GHCND Variables
5 core values:
* **PRCP** Precipitation (tenths of mm)
* **SNOW** Snowfall (mm)
* **SNWD** Snow depth (mm)
* **TMAX** Maximum temperature
* **TMIN** Minimum temperature
And ~50 others! For example:
* **ACMC** Average cloudiness midnight to midnight from 30-second ceilometer
* **AWND** Average daily wind speed
* **FMTM** Time of fastest mile or fastest 1-minute wind
* **MDSF** Multiday snowfall total
### `filter()` to temperature and precipitation
```{r}
st=dplyr::filter(st,element%in%c("TMAX","TMIN","PRCP"))
```
### Map GHCND stations
First, get a global country polygon
```{r, warning=F}
worldmap=map_data("world")
```
Plot all stations:
```{r}
ggplot(data=st,aes(y=latitude,x=longitude)) +
facet_grid(element~.)+
annotation_map(map=worldmap,size=.1,fill="grey",colour="black")+
geom_point(size=.1,col="red")+
coord_equal()
```
It's hard to see all the points, let's bin them...
```{r}
ggplot(st,aes(y=latitude,x=longitude)) +
annotation_map(map=worldmap,size=.1,fill="grey",colour="black")+
facet_grid(element~.)+
stat_bin2d(bins=100)+
scale_fill_distiller(palette="YlOrRd",trans="log",direction=-1,
breaks = c(1,10,100,1000))+
coord_equal()
```