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<h3 class="pb-3 pt-3">C++ Pointers and Arrays</h3>
<p>In this article, we will get to know how we can access an array through a pointer with help of some
example.</p>
<p>As we have learn earlier that pointers are special variables that are used to store addresses of another
variables. Pointers can not only store address of a single variable but it can also store the values of
collection of similar types variable i.e. Array.</p>
<p>Pointer doesn’t store addresses of each and every cell of an array it only stores the address of the
first cell of an array.</p>
<p>Consider this example :</p>
<pre>int *p;
int arr1[10];
// store the address of the first
// element of arr1 in p
p = arr1;</pre>
<p>Here, <code>p</code> is a pointer variable while <code>arr1</code> is an <code>int</code> array. The code
<code>p = arr1;</code> stores the address of the first element of the array in pointer <code>p</code>.
</p>
<p><strong>Notice: </strong>that we have used <code></code> instead of <code>&arr[0]</code>. This is because
the name of the array always points to its base address so it is not required to use address of
<strong>operator(&)</strong> with the array name . So, the code below is the same as the code above.</p>
<pre>int *p;
int arr1[10];
p = &arr1[0];</pre>
<hr />
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">Point to Every Array Elements</h4>
<p>Suppose we need to point to the third element of the array using the same pointer <code>p</code>.</p>
<p>Here, if <code>p</code> points to the first element in the above example then <code>p + 2</code> will
point to the third element. For example,</p>
<pre>int *p;
int arr1[10];
p = arr1;
// p + 1 is equivalent to &arr1[1]
// p + 2 is equivalent to &arr1[2]
// p + 3 is equivalent to &arr1[3]
// p + 4 is equivalent to &arr1[4]</pre>
<p>Similarly, we can access the elements using the single pointer. For example,</p>
<pre>// use dereference operator
*p == arr1[0];
// *(p + 1) is equivalent to arr1[1]
// *(p + 2) is equivalent to arr1[2]
// *(p + 3) is equivalent to arr1[3]
// *(p + 4) is equivalent to arr1[4]</pre>
<p>Suppose if we have initialized <code>p = &arr1[3];</code> then</p>
<pre>// p - 3 is equivalent to &arr1[0]
// p - 1 is equivalent to &arr1[1]
// p + 1 is equivalent to &arr1[3]
// p + 2 is equivalent to &arr1[4]</pre>
<p><strong>Note : </strong>Adding and subtracting in a pointer is totally different as compared to adding or
subtracting in any kind of value. When we add.</p>
<p>But when we add 1 in address (pointer) then compiler calculate the increment by multiplying the added
value with the size of data type of pointer.</p>
<p>Thus if:</p>
<ul>
<li>
p is a pointer of int type then p+1 will take a jump of 2 bytes.
</li>
<li>
p is a pointer of char type then p+1 will take a jump of 1 bytes.
</li>
<li>
p is a pointer of float type then p+1 will take a jump of 4 bytes.
</li>
<li>
p is a pointer of double type then p+1 will take a jump of 8 bytes.
</li>
<li>
p is a pointer of long double type then p+1 will take a jump of 10 bytes.
</li>
</ul>
<p>***The above sizes of data types are of turbo compiler sizes may vary in other compilers.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Example: </strong>C++ Pointers and Arrays</p>
<pre>// C++ Program to display address of each element of an array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
float brr[6];
// declare pointer variable
float *p;
cout << "Displaying address using arrays: " << endl;
// use for loop to print addresses of all array elements
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
cout << "&brr[" << i << "] = " << &brr[i] << endl;
}
// p = &brr[0]
p = brr;
cout<<"\nDisplaying address using pointers: "<< endl;
// use for loop to print addresses of all array elements
// using pointer notation
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
cout << "p + " << i << " = "<< p + i << endl;
}
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output :</strong></p>
<pre>Displaying address using arrays:
&brr[0] = 0x61fef2
&brr[1] = 0x61fef6
&brr[2] = 0x61fef10
&brr[3] = 0x61fef14
&brr[4] = 0x61fef18
&brr[5] = 0x61fef22
Displaying address using pointers:
p + 0 = 0x61fef2
p + 1 = 0x61fef6
p + 2 = 0x61fef10
p + 3 = 0x61fef14
p + 4 = 0x61fef18
p + 5 = 0x61fef22</pre>
<p>In the above program, we first simply printed the addresses of the array elements without using the pointer variable <code>p</code>.</p>
<p>Then, we used the pointer <code>p</code> to point to the address of <code>brr[0]</code>, <code>p + 1</code> to point to the address of <code>brr[1]</code>, and so on.</p>
<hr />
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">Array name used as pointer</h4>
<pre>// C++ Program to insert and display data entered by using pointer notation.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
float prr[3];
// Insert data using pointer notation
cout << "Enter 5 numbers: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
// store input number in prr[i]
cin >> *(prr + i) ;
}
// Display data using pointer notation
cout << "Displaying data: " << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
// display value of prr[i]
cout << *(prr + i) << endl ;
} return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output :</strong></p>
<pre>Enter 5 numbers: 2.5
3.5
4.5
Displaying data: 2.5
3.5
4.5</pre>
<p>Here, </p>
<ol>
<li>
We first used the pointer notation to store the numbers entered by the user into the array <code>prr</code>.
<pre>cin >> *(prr + i) ;</pre>
<p>This code is equivalent to the code below:</p>
<pre>cin >> prr[i];</pre>
<p><strong>Notice: </strong>that we haven't declared a separate pointer variable, but rather we are using the array name <code>prr</code> for the pointer notation.</p>
<p>As we already know, the array name <code>prr</code> points to the first element of the array. So, we can think of <code>prr</code> as acting like a pointer.</p>
</li>
<li>
Similarly, we then used <code>for</code> loop to display the values of <code>prr</code> using pointer notation.
<pre>cout << *(prr + i) << endl ;</pre>
<p>This code is equivalent to</p>
<pre>cout << prr[i] << endl ;</pre>
</li>
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