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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Visualizing Errors | Python Data Science Handbook</title>
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<em>This is an excerpt from the <a href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920034919.do">Python Data Science Handbook</a> by Jake VanderPlas; Jupyter notebooks are available <a href="https://github.com/jakevdp/PythonDataScienceHandbook">on GitHub</a>.</em>
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<em>The text is released under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/legalcode">CC-BY-NC-ND license</a>, and code is released under the <a href="https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT">MIT license</a>. If you find this content useful, please consider supporting the work by <a href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920034919.do">buying the book</a>!</em>
</p>
</div>
<div class="container post">
<article>
<header>
<h1>Visualizing Errors</h1>
</header>
<div class="article_content">
<style type="text/css">/*!
*
* IPython notebook
*
*/
/* CSS font colors for translated ANSI colors. */
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/* Modern browsers */
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flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
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box-sizing: border-box;
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/* Modern browsers */
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/* Old browsers */
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* monospace font with inconsistent normal/bold/italic height. See
* notebookmain.js. Such fonts will have keywords vertically offset with
* respect to the rest of the text. The user should select a better font.
* See: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1503
*
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/*
Original style from softwaremaniacs.org (c) Ivan Sagalaev <Maniac@SoftwareManiacs.Org>
Adapted from GitHub theme
*/
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position: relative;
/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
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display: -moz-box;
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display: box;
box-orient: vertical;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
z-index: 1;
}
/* class for the output area when it should be height-limited */
div.output_scroll {
/* ideally, this would be max-height, but FF barfs all over that */
height: 24em;
/* FF needs this *and the wrapper* to specify full width, or it will shrinkwrap */
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overflow: auto;
border-radius: 2px;
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display: block;
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/* output div while it is collapsed */
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/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
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display: -moz-box;
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display: box;
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box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
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div.out_prompt_overlay {
height: 100%;
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position: absolute;
border-radius: 2px;
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div.output_prompt {
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div.output_area {
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page-break-inside: avoid;
/* Old browsers */